Relationship of Isthmus Thickness With Difficult Laryngoscopy and Difficult Intubation in Patients Receiving Hypothyroidism Treatment: A Prospective Observational Clinical Study

Under general anesthesia, the rate of failed intubation ranges between 1.5% and 13%, a high rate that raises concerns among anesthesiologists whose primary objective is successful airway management. Consequently, various physical examination and ultrasonographic measurement methods have been developed to predict difficult intubation. While anesthesiologists previously relied on bedside physical examinations, the widespread availability, reliability, and portability of ultrasound (USG) have promoted its use in airway evaluation. USG is used to assess the difficult airway, estimate tracheal tube size, ensure proper placement of the tracheal tube and laryngeal mask, diagnose upper airway pathologies, and guide percutaneous tracheostomy.

In thyroid pathologies, intubation difficulty may increase. Although difficult intubation rates in thyroid surgery-a known risk factor-range from 6.8% to 9.6%, some studies suggest that the presence of a goiter is not associated with difficult intubation. The literature has mostly examined the relationship between intubation difficulty and hypertrophic thyroid tissue; however, certain conditions causing hypothyroidism (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis and atrophic thyroiditis) may lead to thyroid gland atrophy. Our hypothesis is that an atrophic or fibrotic thyroid isthmus is (or is not) associated with difficult laryngoscopy and intubation.

Difficult laryngoscopy is defined as the inability to visualize the vocal cords despite multiple laryngoscopic attempts. Tracheal intubation that requires multiple attempts or fails after several attempts is termed difficult or failed intubation. Evaluation will be performed using the Cormack-Lehane (C&L) score and the Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS). The C&L score classifies the laryngeal view into four grades based on the visualization of the vocal cords and epiglottis (Grade I: full view of the glottis; Grade II: partial view; Grade III: only the epiglottis is visible; Grade IV: neither the epiglottis nor the glottis is visible), with Grades III-IV being associated with difficult laryngoscopy. The IDS, which consists of seven parameters, indicates a difficult airway when the score exceeds 5. Accordingly, a C&L classification of Grade III-IV and an IDS >5 will be considered indicative of difficult laryngoscopy and intubation.

The primary aim of this study is to determine the relationship between thyroid isthmus thickness and difficult laryngoscopy and intubation during elective intubation in patients receiving hypothyroidism treatment. The primary hypothesis is that an atrophic or fibrotic thyroid isthmus is associated with difficult laryngoscopy and intubation, while the secondary hypothesis posits that the duration of hypothyroidism treatment is associated with difficult laryngoscopy and intubation.

This study will include adult patients with known hypothyroidism who are undergoing surgery for any reason at Konya City Hospital and are receiving medical treatment, with an ASA score of 2-3. Patients will be excluded if they have a known history of difficult intubation, a body mass index (BMI) >40, airway pathology, conditions that restrict neck movements (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis), a cervical range of motion ≤80°, a history of cervical radiotherapy, or if they do not consent to participate. The primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of thyroid isthmus muscle thickness in predicting difficult intubation in goiter patients undergoing thyroidectomy.