Insulin Sensitivity and Testosterone Response to Aerobic Exercise Versus Added Sugar Elimination in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women

In polycystic ovary syndrome the hyperandrogenic environment, in turn, promotes post-pubertal neuroendocrine dysfunction, which impairs the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator. This impairment leads to increased luteinizing hormone (LH) release and decreased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release. These neuroendocrine unbalances support the progression to polycystic ovary syndrome, further enhancing hyperandrogenemia and ovulatory dysfunction .It is noteworthy to emphasize that IR in does not directly affect ovarian tissue. However, insulin can act as a co-gonadotropin through indirect mechanisms by enhancing luteinizing hormone (LH) action on theca cells. Additionally, insulin acts directly by inducing higher hypothalamic secretion of LH, resulting in increased production of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. insulin has a pleiotropic action and plays a key role not only in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, but also in the ion and amino acid transport, in the cell proliferation, differentiation, and death, in the vascular function and inflammation, and in the neuro-hormonal activation. Abnormalities of insulin signaling transduction account for the development of insulin resistance which plays a mechanistic role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In addition, insulin resistance accounts also for the enhanced cardiovascular risk, and has been identified as an independent factor for the incidence of cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke. Moreover, insulin resistance negatively affects the clinical outcomes of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Over consuming sugar leads to fat cells that are less sensitive to the effects of insulin, which drives visceral adiposity and is a major contributor to hypertension, type 2 diabetes and heart diseases.

There is a consistent evidence that exercise training improves the baroreflex control of the sympathetic nervous system and reduces the sympathetic activity On the basis that There is a close relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and insulin sensitivity as Dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system contributes to development of insulin resistance while Insulin stimulation increases the sympathetic nervous system activity by affecting the baroreflex sensitivity