Red Propolis as a Strategy to Modulate Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with chronic systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which contribute to disease progression and adverse outcomes. Red propolis is a natural substance rich in bioactive compounds with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Clinical evidence on its use in CKD patients is limited, and no studies have evaluated its impact on gene expression related to inflammation and oxidative stress. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial will assess the effects of alcoholic extract of red propolis (200 mg/day for 8 weeks) on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with CKD stages 3-5 under conservative management. Blood samples will be collected at baseline and after intervention to evaluate routine biochemical parameters, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and gene expression. Nutritional status and dietary intake will also be assessed.