Role of MRI Assessment in Fertility Sparing Treatment for Cervical Cancer at Staging and Follow-up and for Identification of Risk Factors for Aggressive Disease.

Cervical cancer represents the fourth-most common cancer in women and the leading gynaecologic malignancies, accounting approximately 570,000 cases and 311,000 deaths in 2018 worldwide. In Europe, during last years, both mean age of pregnant women and number of nulliparous women have increased (2). Age-specific incidence data indicate that 43% of patients with cervical cancer have less than 45 years. As consequence, numerous young women diagnosed with cervical cancer are still desiring to become pregnant.

In women with early-stage cervical cancer (ECC), fertility-sparing surgery techniques include laparoscopic, abdominal or vaginal radical trachelectomy (RT) and cold knife conization (CKC) with or without pelvic lymph nodes dissection. Currently, RT is proposed as fertility-sparing surgery (FSS), alternative to radical hysterectomy, in patients with ECC staged IA1-IB1, as by the 2018 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification. According to a recent metanalysis, RT and CKC present similar oncologic outcomes in terms of recurrence rates but CKC presents better obstetrical outcomes in terms of pregnancy rate (36% for CKC vs. 20% for RT) . NCCN suggested RT as an alternative to radical hysterectomy (RH) in young women desiring to preserve fertility with: disease limited to cervix, tumor size < 2 cm (or < 2.5 cm if exophytic lesion), absence of parametrial extension, an estimated distance of ≥ 1 cm from the proximal aspect of the tumor to the internal os, absence of lymphadenopathies or metastatic disease. Some authors have proposed neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by CKC as a safe and effective approach in ECC FIGO stage IB2.

In 2018 FIGO staging was revised allowing the use of any of the imaging modalities (i.e.

ultrasound, CT, MRI, positron emission tomography (PET)), to provide information on tumor size, nodal status, and local or systemic spread. MRI is reported to be very accurate in selecting patients eligible for FSS, in tumor size evaluation and deep stromal invasion assessment. In the evaluation of parametrial invasion, the specificity and negative predictive value of MRI were 97% and 100%, respectively.

Furthermore, MRI has demonstrated very high sensitivity and specificity in assessment of internal os involvement, 90% and 98% respectively. Moreover, MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) assumes an important role in the evaluation of tumor response after chemotherapy. In addition, MRI is highly sensitive and accurate (90.7% and 91.7% respectively) in tumor size evaluation after FSS, especially in patients who have undergone cone biopsy before MRI examination.