Effects of Four-Cell Galvanic Bath Therapy on Pain and Balance in Patients With Diabetic Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Single-Blind Study

Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) is one of the most prevalent chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and is characterized by progressive peripheral nerve damage, leading to symptoms such as distal sensory loss, neuropathic pain, and impaired proprioception. These alterations negatively affect postural control mechanisms, resulting in balance impairment, increased risk of falls, and reduced functional independence. As a consequence, DSPN significantly decreases quality of life and poses an important clinical and socioeconomic burden.

Conventional rehabilitation programs, including range of motion, strengthening, balance, coordination, and endurance exercises, are commonly used in the management of DSPN. However, despite these interventions, persistent neuropathic pain and balance deficits often remain inadequately controlled. Therefore, there is a growing interest in adjunctive therapeutic approaches that target both sensory and motor components of postural control.

Electrical stimulation modalities have been proposed as potential therapeutic options due to their ability to modulate peripheral nerve excitability and enhance somatosensory feedback. Four-cell galvanic bath therapy is a non-invasive intervention that applies low-intensity direct current through water-filled electrodes to the upper and lower extremities. This method may stimulate cutaneous receptors and peripheral nerve endings, increase afferent sensory input, and facilitate neuromuscular activation. Through these mechanisms, galvanic bath therapy may contribute to improved postural stability and reduction of neuropathic pain. However, current evidence regarding its combined effects on both pain and balance in patients with DSPN is limited, highlighting the need for well-designed clinical trials.

This study was designed as a prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial including patients aged 40-75 years diagnosed with DSPN. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either an intervention group receiving four-cell galvanic bath therapy in addition to conventional rehabilitation or a control group receiving only conventional rehabilitation. The rehabilitation program consisted of standardized exercises including range of motion, stretching, strengthening, balance, coordination, and endurance training, and was applied for 4 weeks, three sessions per week, with each session lasting approximately one hour.

In the intervention group, four-cell galvanic bath therapy was administered concurrently with the conventional rehabilitation program. The application was performed using a standardized protocol to ensure consistency across participants. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after the intervention period using validated clinical assessment tools. Pain intensity and balance performance were evaluated as primary outcomes, while additional functional and quality of life parameters were assessed as secondary outcomes.