Rewilding the Human Gut: Reintroduction of the Species Limosilactobacillus Reuteri

There is now consistent evidence that industrialization has substantially decreased the bacterial diversity of the gut microbiota (Segata, 2015), likely due to a combination of factors such as use of antibiotics, modern clinical practices, sanitation, and changes in dietary habits. However, the only factor for which empirical evidence exists is the low content of Microbiota-Accessible Carbohydrates (MACs) in Western diets, which are indigestible dietary carbohydrates that become available to the microbes colonizing the intestine (Sonnerburg et al., 2015).

Previous work has confirmed the overall premise of 'microbiome depletion' by demonstrating higher diversity in the fecal microbiota of individuals from rural tribes in Papua New Guinea, which contain an additional of 50 species completely undetectable in North Americans (Martínez et al., 2015). One species detectable in every Papua New Guinean individual by 16S rRNA sequencing but not in a single US control was Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri). Interestingly, this species, which is also used as a probiotic, was regularly detected in humans in studies conducted around 1960, but is very rarely found in contemporary humans, suggesting a recent decline of the L. reuteri population in Westerners (Walter et al., 2011). Most importantly, L. reuteri is a member of the gut microbiota in many vertebrate species and exerts benefits towards host immune functions and development, as demonstrated in a number of highly cited publications (Zelante et al. 2013; Buffington et al. 2016; Lamas et al. 2016; He et al. 2017).

It is currently unclear what caused the drop in the L. reuteri population. However, it is likely due to the importance of non-digestible carbohydrates that are present at very low amounts in Western diets, while being abundant in the diet of rural Papua New Guineans, a population that consumes a predominantly plant-based diet.

The goal of this study is to demonstrate that a bacterial species dominant in the non-westernized microbiome can be 'reintroduced' in the gut of Canadians fed a non-industrialized type diet designed to promote the growth of gut bacteria. This study will also determine how this 'reintroduction' and the non-industrialized-type diet influences immune function of the host and host-diet-microbiome metabolic interactions, and explore associations between them. It will further explore the effects of the microbial treatment and the diet on gut microbiome ecology. The central hypothesis is that an isolate of L. reuteri, originating from rural Papua New Guinea, can be established in the gut of Canadians fed a diet containing the carbohydrates known to facilitate the growth of this microbe. It is also hypothesized that this 'reintroduction' and consuming the non-industrialized type diet will be associated with immunological and metabolic benefits to the host. To achieve these goals, the following aims are proposed:

1. To conduct a human trial to determine if a Limosilactobacillus reuteri strain isolated from rural Papua New Guinea (PNG) can be established in the gut of healthy Canadians.
2. To determine if colonization can be improved by feeding a diet specifically designed to provide growth substrates for L. reuteri.
3. To determine how both L. reuteri and the non-industrialized-type diet change the human microbiome, metabolome, cardiometabolic surrogate endpoints, and immune biomarkers of inflammation.