A Comprehensive Travel Health Education Improving Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, Role Identity, Actual Behavioral Control, and Intention to Provide Travel Health Information of Tour Guides in Bali
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 152
- 主要终点
- Mean score of actual behavioral control
研究概览
简要总结
This is a field trial with a randomized pre-test post-test control group design. This trial is the second phase of an exploratory mixed methods research. Prior to this trial, a qualitative study through in-depth interviews to tour guides from 11 language divisions and also policy makers of Indonesian Tour Guide Association Bali branch (HPI Bali). The education model for tour guides were developed based on the integration of theory of planned behavior (TPB) and identity theory. This educational model is expected to improve the behavior of tour guides in providing travel health information to tourists they serve, which is currently still lacking. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the measurement of behavior can not be conducted. Therefore, this trial aims to test the efficacy of the comprehensive education model to improve the indirect and direct determinants of the behavior namely attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, role identity, actual behavioral control and behavioral intention.
The research hypothesis are:
- The comprehensive travel health education model improves the attitude of tour guides towards providing travel health information to tourists?
- The comprehensive travel health education model improves the subjective norms of tour guides towards providing travel health information to tourists?
- The comprehensive travel health education model improves the perceived behavioral control of tour guides in providing travel health information to tourists?
- The comprehensive travel health education model improves the role identity of tour guides as a travel health promoter for tourists?
- The comprehensive travel health education model improves the actual behavioral control of tour guides in providing travel health information to tourists?
- The comprehensive travel health education model improves the intention of tour guides to provide travel health information to tourists?
详细描述
- Study design: This is a field trial with a randomized pre-test post-test control group design. This trial is the second phase of an exploratory mixed methods research.
- Study setting: Data collection will be conducted in Bali, Indonesia, started from September 2021 to February 2022.
- Study population: The target population in this study are all general tour guides in Bali, Indonesia. The accessible population are general tour guides who are registered as members of HPI Bali who can be reached during the data collection period.
- Sample size: The calculation of the minimum sample size in this study was carried out with the assistance of the WHO Sample Size Determination software using the hypothesis test formula for the mean difference of two populations (one-sided).
Based on the sample size calculation with the above formula, the minimum sample size for each group is 69 tour guides. Taking into account the drop-out rate of 10%, the number of samples for each group is 76 tour guides. Thus, the total number of samples for intervention and comparison groups in this study is 152 tour guides. 5. Sample selection: The sample selection was carried out with disproportionate stratified random sampling using a sampling frame namely the list of tour guides who are registered as the members of Indonesian Guides Association (HPI) Bali Branch from 11 language divisions. The number of samples in each division for intervention and control group ranged from 5 to 8 subjects. 6. Sample allocation: Permuted block randomization. 7. Study variables:
- Dependent variable is comprehensive travel health education model.
- Intermediate variables are:
- attitude towards providing travel health information to tourists,
- subjective norms towards providing travel health information to tourists,
- perceived behavioral control of providing travel health information to tourists,
- role identity,
- actual behavioral control.
- Dependent variable is intention to provide travel health information to tourists.
- Controll variables are:
Controlled by design:
- history of formal health education,
- ownership of a smartphone or laptop with WhatsApp and Zoom application,
- familiarity with Zoom usage,
- familiarity with WhatsApp usage.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 20 Years 至 54 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Active members of HPI Bali,
- •Age less than 55 years old,
- •Have worked as a tour guide for one year or more,
- •Have a smart phone or laptop that equipped with Zoom and WhatsApp application,
- •Familiar with Zoom meeting,
- •Using WhatsApp actively.
排除标准
- •Holding a structural position at HPI Bali,
- •Unwilling to work as a tour guide after the re-opening of tourism,
- •Have a formal health education background,
- •Unwilling to participate in this study.
结局指标
主要结局
Mean score of actual behavioral control
时间窗: 3 months
Actual behavioral control is tour guide's knowledge about the prevention of travel health problems and first aid to tourists who experience health problems. Actual behavioral control will be measured through a self-administered questionnaire. The measurement scale is ordinal which is expressed on a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree; 3 = disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = somewhat agree, 6 = agree; 7 = strongly agree). Data will be analysed in interval scale. Knowledge measurement scale is interval. The correct answer for each knowledge question will get a score = 1, while the question with the wrong answer or do not know gets a score = 0. Data will be analysed in interval scale.
Mean score of perceived behavioral control
时间窗: 3 months
Perceived behavioral control is the confidence of tour guides in their ability to carry out the behavior of providing information to tourists regarding prevention and first aid of health problems. Perceived behavioral control will be measured through a self-administered questionnaire which was developed based on the TPB questionnaire development guideline. The measurement scale is ordinal which is expressed on a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree; 3 = disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = somewhat agree, 6 = agree; 7 = strongly agree). Data will be analysed in interval scale.
Mean score of behavioral intention
时间窗: 3 months
Behavioral intention is the willingness of tour guides to convey information related to the prevention and first aid of travel health problems to the tourists they serve. Intention will be measured through a self-administered questionnaire which was developed based on the TPB questionnaire development guideline. The data measurement scale is ordinal which is expressed on a Likert scale (1 = strongly disinterested, 2 = not intending; 3 = lack of intention, 4 = neutral, 5 = somewhat intend, 6 = intend; 7 = very intend). Data will be analysed in interval scale.
Mean score of subjective norm
时间窗: 3 months
Subjective norm is the perception of tour guides on the extent to which the behavior of providing health information to tourists is a behavior that is expected by the tourists, by their employers, HPI, and the community. Subjective norms will be measured through a self-administered questionnaire which was developed based on TPB questionnaire development guideline. The measurement scale is ordinal which is expressed on a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree; 3 = disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = somewhat agree, 6 = agree; 7 = strongly agree). Data will be analysed in interval scale.
Mean score of attitude
时间窗: 3 months
Attitude is a psychological tendency expressed by tour guides towards the behavior of providing travel health information to tourists. Attitude will be measured through a self-administered questionnaire developed based on the TPB questionnaire development guideline. The data measurement scale is ordinal which is expressed on a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree; 3 = disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = somewhat agree, 6 = agree; 7 = strongly agree). Data will be analysed in interval scale.
Mean score of role identity
时间窗: 3 months
Role identity is tour guide's perception of the extent to which the provision of information related to the prevention and first aid of tourism health problems to tourists is a part of the tour guide's role. Role identity will be measured through a self-administered questionnaire.The measurement scale is ordinal which is expressed on a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree; 3 = disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = somewhat agree, 6 = agree; 7 = strongly agree). Data will be analysed in interval scale.
次要结局
未报告次要终点
研究者
Ni Made Sri Nopiyani
MD, MPH
Udayana University