Randomized Trial of Care Management to Improve End of Life Care

Background / Rationale: Improving end-of-life care is of critical importance to the VA as it faces an increasingly aging and dying veteran population. In FY2000 approximately 104,000 enrolled veterans died in the U.S. including 27,200 that died as inpatients in VA acute or chronic care medical wards. Previous work within and outside of the VA has identified serious deficiencies in the quality of care delivered near the end of life. A pilot program of a collaborative care intervention in patients with advanced illness suggests that palliative care management may lead to improvements in processes and outcomes of care at reduced costs.

Objective(s): The purpose of this project is to test the effectiveness of a chronic illness model-based palliative care intervention that utilizes prognosis-based palliative care evaluation and longitudinal nurse care management on the processes and outcomes of end-of-life care at one VA medical center.

Methods: The study uses a randomized, controlled design. All patients admitted to the inpatient medical service during the enrollment period are screened for survival prognosis by their admitting resident physician. Patients estimated to have at least a 25% risk of dying over the following year and who meet other basic inclusion criteria are invited to participate. Consenting patients are randomized to intervention or usual care. The intervention entails initial palliative evaluation followed by nurse care management designed to promote informed goal-setting, symptom management, psycho/socio/spiritual support, and family support. Data collection activities include patient and caregiver surveys, chart reviews, and reviews of administrative databases. Primary study outcomes include caregiver-rated quality of death and dying, hospital-based resource use, and costs; secondary outcomes include patient quality of life, satisfaction with care, continuity and coordination of care, and patient self-determination

Status: Enrollment and follow up of veterans/patients in the study is complete. Follow up with the caregivers of patients who died is ongoing and projected to end in February 2008. Subject enrollment began on 08/04/04 and target enrollment of 400 patients was reached in November 2006. Of the 1354 non-duplicated patients admitted to the hospital and prognostically eligible for the study, 795 (59%) were excluded; 400 (30%) were enrolled; 142(10%) refused; and 17 (1%) were missed or did not respond to recruitment efforts. To date, 257 of 400 enrolled veterans (64%) have died and 152 after-death interviews have been conducted with caregivers.

Impact: If shown to be effective, the palliative care program tested in this study will be the first of its type to demonstrate success in a controlled trial, and it will be ready for larger-scale implementation studies that will inform models of end-of-life care delivery both within and outside of the VA. Administrators at VAs nationwide, including chiefs of service, chiefs of staff, hospital directors, and VISN directors will be able to use the plans and protocols developed in this project to develop programs at their own institutions. Nurses, generalist physicians, and specialists can gain important insights about the special needs of seriously ill patients and the role of care systems in delivering high-quality end of life care. Finally, the project has immediate relevance to the healthcare system at large, as it struggles to find effective end-of-life care delivery models.