Electroencephalogram Based Real-Time Sedation Level Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence

This is an observational pilot study. Patients undergoing elective surgery or Cath lab interventions under general anesthesia or procedural sedation at the department of anesthesiology at the UMCG will be enrolled.

1. Recruitment procedure:

Patients identified as eligible for the study by research/clinical staff will be enrolled after written informed consent. Clinical staff involved in this study will approach the patient for obtaining informed consent prior to the scheduled procedure, according to the UMCG´s daily published OR/Cath lab schedule. Patients enrolled in this study will receive standard clinical care, as defined in the standard operating procedures of the department of Anesthesiology. 2. Monitor and recording set up:

1. A vital sign monitor will continuously record routine physiological data, including ECG, noninvasive and/or invasive blood pressure (blood pressure cuff and/or arterial line), and pulse oximetry.
2. The noninvasive EEG-monitor A disposable sensor will be attached to the forehead of the patient and passive recording of EEG and physiological data will begin prior to induction of anesthesia at the OR or Cath lab.
3. Vital sign monitor and EEG-monitor used for this study are mounted permanently on the anesthesia machine and sedation workstation which is used routinely at the department of Anesthesiology and data obtained are directly streamed to the UMCG patient data record system , and stored in the monitor for case-based wave analysis.
4. Sedation/Pain assessments:

As per routine clinical practice, the investigators will use Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAA/S) scoring system for sedation assessment at each level of sedation. During each assessment , MOAA/S scores will be determined prior to induction of anesthesia or sedation, during the procedure, and after the procedure until the patient leaves the operating room/cath lab.