Using ChatGPT to Determine the Stage and Degree of Periodontontitis

The descriptive pilot research will be based on an analysis of the baseline digital record and subsequent stage, extent, and grade characterization of 75 untreated patients diagnosed with periodontitis. All cases will be evaluated by 4 examiners and the obtained standardized diagnosis for each case. The information will be used to determine the stage, grade, and extent of 75 periodontitis cases will be copied directly for each case as input to a large AI model called ChatGPT (https://chat.openai.com/), followed by query: "What is the stage, grade, and extent of periodontitis?" The received replies will be compared to standardized diagnosis.

2.2 Ethical Considerations From December 2022 to May 2023, baseline clinical and radiographic documentation of periodontitis patients were collected in the context of regular visits at the Necmettin Erbakan University Periodontology Clinic. In the study, anonymized data will be used. All participants have given their agreement in writing for the data to be used for training and research. This study will adhere to the 2013 revision of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and will be authorized by the Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry Ethics Committee for Non-Pharmac eutical and Medical Device Clinical Research.

2.3.Selection and preparation of the documentation of the periodontitis cases Using randomization software, a database of 150 patients receiving periodontal therapy will be used for selecting 85 cases of periodontitis from the archive of patients of the periodontology department at Necmettin Erbakan University. Acute periodontal lesions, gingival diseases, the presence of dental implants, and periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases will be considered as exclusion criteria.

The case description included a comprehensive summary of the patient's medical and dental history, intra-oral photographs, a panoramic radiograph, a complete set of periapical radiographs, and periodontal charting that encompassed various clinical measures related to periodontal health. These measures will be plaque scores (visually assessed after the use of a revealing solution, as present or absent), probing depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss (CAL), furcation involvement (Hamp, Nyman, & Lindhe, 1975) and tooth mobility (Miller, 1985). The medical history will be also supplied, including details regarding pertinent medical issues including glycemic management and cigarette usage. The clinical, photographic, and radiological records for the 85 patients that will be chosen will be of excellent quality and good diagnostic sensitivity.

The whole documentation of the periodontitis instances will be compiled into four presentation files. They will be presented in different orders in all four presentations for four expert evaluations. The first presentation is provided 2.4 Experts' Evaluation Four experienced periodontists who work as full-time faculty members (Z.T.E, O.B, D.O.S, and F.U.Y.) will evaluate the cases in the first phase utilizing the prepared presentations. The four experts had gone over the consensus reports for the 2018 periodontal classification (Papapanou et al., 2018; Tonetti, Greenwell, & Kornman, 2018) multiple times and had been using it to make clinical diagnoses for at least 4 years. These diagnoses will be considered standardized diagnoses and served as the reference for each respective case. The cases that did not achieve a consistent diagnosis among the experts will be excluded from the study.