Health Effects of Cottonseed Oil Versus Matched Composition Diets in Humans
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 招募中
- 入组人数
- 90
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Change in fasting inflammatory cytokine concentrations
研究概览
简要总结
Cardiovascular disease risk factors, including higher BMIs and poor cholesterol profiles, are on the rise and contribute to the United States' growing disease burden. Cottonseed oil (CSO) is found readily in the food supply, and the investigator's previous studies have demonstrated that incorporating CSO into the diet is sufficient to improve fasting cholesterol profile and improve postprandial lipid and/or glycemic responses in both healthy, and at-risk populations. This study aims to compare CSO to a fatty acid composition-matched diet, on changes in fasting and postprandial lipid metabolism and markers of chronic disease risk.
The specific aims are:
- Examine the impact of CSO vs. PUFA on fasting and postprandial lipids.
- Examine the impact of CSO on other markers of chronic disease risk.
Participants will be asked to:
- Consume provided meal replacement shakes daily for 28-days.
- Attend three weekly short visits for fasting blood draws, body measurements, and collect the next week of study materials,
- Attend two longer (5.5h) testing visits which include eating a standardized breakfast meal and having blood drawn periodically before and after breakfast.
Researchers will compare CSO vs. PUFA and control groups (receiving a mixture of oils) to see if CSO is unique in imparting health benefits when compared with similar matched oil diets.
详细描述
Accounting for nearly 1 in every 4 deaths in the U.S., cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for adults. One risk factor for CVD is hypercholesterolemia which can double the risk for this disease. Cottonseed oil is a rich source of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Despite having a relatively high amount of saturated fatty acids, preliminary studies demonstrate that incorporating CSO into a diet is sufficient to reduce blood lipid profiles and select postprandial measures of metabolism. These improvements in lipid metabolism may be due to the general fatty acid (FA) composition of CSO; however, evidence shows that a fatty acid unique to CSO, dihydrosterculic acid (DHSA), may be responsible for some, if not all, the positive lipid lowering effects.
This prospective clinical study is a double-blinded, randomized control trial in adults at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (poor cholesterol profiles or overweight/obesity). There are three diet interventions: CSO (20% energy needs from CSO), matched-PUFA (20% energy needs from non-CSO matched PUFA sources), and Control (20% of energy needs from control oil mixture representative of the average fatty acid composition consumed by U.S. adults). The study protocol consists of a 28-day intervention where participants are provided breakfast shakes that contain a different oil, or mixture of oils, depending on the participant's random group assignment.
There are a total of 6 testing visits: screening (v0), pre-intervention (v1), 3 weekly short visits (v2, v3, v4), and post-intervention (v5).
At screening (v0), qualification is confirmed based on anthropometrics and fasting blood draw, which is analyzed for a cholesterol panel and blood glucose. Additionally, energy requirements are estimated at this visit for use in the diet intervention.
At v1, participants will have anthropometrics measured, including body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Fasting and postprandial blood draws for a 5h period will occur following a high saturated-fat meal challenge which delivers 35% of the participant's estimated energy needs.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- Double (Participant, Investigator)
盲法说明
Participants are blinded to oil intervention group. Investigator blinded to participant's oil intervention group.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 25 Years 至 75 Years（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •25-75 year-old men and women at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Increased risk for cardiovascular disease will be defined by either elevated cholesterol profiles -or- overweight/obesity.
- •Elevated cholesterol profiles will be defined as:
- •"Borderline High" and/or "at risk" in two of more of the following variables (total cholesterol: 180-239 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 110-159 mg/dL, triglycerides 130-199 mg/dL) --or--
- •"High" in total cholesterol (240 mg/dL and higher), LDL (160 mg/dL or higher), or triglycerides (between 200-350 mg/dL).
- •Overweight/obesity will be defined by body mass index >25 kg/m².
排除标准
- •Probable familial hypercholesterolemia, defined by: total cholesterol greater than 290 mg/dL or LDL levels greater than 190 mg/dL plus a family history of myocardial infarction (MI) before 50 years of age in a 2nd-degree relative or below age 60 in a 1st-degree relative.
- •Women on hormone replacement therapy less than 2 years.
- •Women who are pregnant
- •individuals who regularly exercise more than 3h/w
- •weight gain or loss of more than 5% body weight in the past 3 months
- •plans to begin a weight loss/exercise regimen during the trial
- •history of medical or surgical events that could affect digestion or swallowing
- •gastrointestinal surgeries, conditions, or disorders
- •any chronic diseases (including moderate to severe asthma, chronic lung disease, and kidney disease),
- •metabolic disease
- •atherosclerosis
- •previous MI or stroke
- •fasting blood glucose levels greater than 126 mg/dL
- •blood pressure greater than 180/120 mmHg
- •medication use affecting digestion an absorption, metabolism (e.g. thyroid meds), lipid-lowering medications, medications for diabetes, steroid/hormone therapies, or current antibiotic cycles
- •medically prescribed or special diets
- •Food allergies (specific to the foods in the study, including wheat, dairy, and cottonseed oil)
- •fish oil supplements
- •excessive alcohol use (greater than 3 drinks/day for men; greater than 2 drinks/day for women)
- •tobacco or nicotine use
- •underweight BMI (<18.5 kg/m²)
研究组 & 干预措施
COTTONSEED OIL
Participants are given a daily shake enriched with cottonseed oil and instructed on how to substitute provided study shake into usual diet to maintain caloric balance.
干预措施: COTTONSEED OIL (Other)
MATCHED PUFA DIET
Participants are given a daily shake enriched with a mixture of oils with a similar fatty acid profile to CSO and instructed on how to substitute provided study shake into usual diet to maintain caloric balance.
干预措施: MATCHED PUFA DIET (Other)
CONTROL
Participants are given a daily shake enriched with a mixture of oils that match the fatty acid profile of the average American diet, and instructed on how to substitute provided study shake into usual diet to maintain caloric balance.
干预措施: CONTROL (Other)
结局指标
主要结局
Change in fasting inflammatory cytokine concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of interleukin-1 beta, C reactive protein, tumor-necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 at fasting at both pre-and post-intervention visits (pg/mL).
Change in fasting plasma markers of coagulation potential
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and tissue factor at fasting for both pre- and post- intervention visits (pg/mL)
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of ANGPTL 3, ANGPTL 4 and ANGPTL 8 before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post- intervention visits (ng/mL)
Desaturation index
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
Measurement of fatty acid concentrations for fasting and post-prandial plasma (ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids)
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of plasma triglycerides before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre-and post-intervention visits (mg/dL)
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma appetite control hormones concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of plasma appetite control hormones before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post-intervention visits. Appetite control hormones include cholecystokinin (CCK), Peptide YY (PYY), Ghrelin (pg/mL)
Change in fasting serum lipoprotein and cholesterol concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of fasting serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)
Change in fasting and postprandial subjective feelings related to appetite
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
Visual analog scale ratings of feelings related to appetite before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge, and for the remainder of the day, at both pre- and post- intervention visits. Subjective feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective consumption and a composite appetite score are measured by visual analog scales (mm).
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA)
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of MDA before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post- intervention visits (nmol/mL).
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma total antioxidant capacity
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
Total antioxidant capacity before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post- intervention visits (U/mL).
Desaturation index
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
Measurement of fatty acid concentrations for fasting and post-prandial plasma (ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids)
Change in fasting plasma markers of coagulation potential
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and tissue factor at fasting for both pre- and post- intervention visits (pg/mL)
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of ANGPTL 3, ANGPTL 4 and ANGPTL 8 before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post- intervention visits (ng/mL)
Change in fasting serum lipoprotein and cholesterol concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of fasting serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of plasma triglycerides before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre-and post-intervention visits (mg/dL)
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma appetite control hormones concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of plasma appetite control hormones before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post-intervention visits. Appetite control hormones include cholecystokinin (CCK), Peptide YY (PYY), Ghrelin (pg/mL)
Change in fasting and postprandial subjective feelings related to appetite
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
Visual analog scale ratings of feelings related to appetite before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge, and for the remainder of the day, at both pre- and post- intervention visits. Subjective feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective consumption and a composite appetite score are measured by visual analog scales (mm).
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA)
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of MDA before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post- intervention visits (nmol/mL).
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma total antioxidant capacity
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
Total antioxidant capacity before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post- intervention visits (U/mL).
Change in fasting and postprandial plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of plasma NEFAs before and after the high saturated fat meal challenge at both pre- and post- intervention visits (mEq/L)
Change in fasting inflammatory cytokine concentrations
时间窗: baseline, 4 weeks
The concentration of interleukin-1 beta, C reactive protein, tumor-necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 at fasting at both pre-and post-intervention visits (pg/mL).
次要结局
- Change in fasting serum hepatic enzymes(Baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting serum hepatic proteins(Baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting serum bilirubin(Baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in additional fasting plasma inflammatory cytokine concentrations(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in additional fasting plasma markers of coagulation potential(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in acute dietary intake(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting and postprandial plasma angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting plasma markers of coagulation potential(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting inflammatory cytokine concentrations(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting and postprandial plasma total antioxidant capacity(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting and postprandial plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA)(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting and postprandial subjective feelings related to appetite(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting and postprandial plasma appetite control hormones concentrations(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting serum hepatic enzymes(Baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting serum lipoprotein particle numbers(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting and postprandial plasma insulin concentrations(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations(Baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in additional fasting plasma inflammatory cytokine concentrations(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in additional fasting plasma markers of coagulation potential(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in acute dietary intake(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting insulin resistance metrics(baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting serum hepatic proteins(Baseline, 4 weeks)
- Change in fasting serum bilirubin(Baseline, 4 weeks)
研究者
Jamie Cooper, PhD
Professor, Department Head of Kinesiology, Director of UGA Obesity Initiative
University of Georgia