Effects of Ticagrelor Versus Prasugrel on Coronary Microcirculation in Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results of the PROtecting MICROcirculation During Coronary Angioplasty (PROMICRO)-3 Randomised Study

Patient population We enrolled patients naïve to platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors with stable CAD referred to elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of an isolated, functionally significant (as confirmed by a fractional flow reserve [FFR] <0.80) stenosis located in the proximal two-thirds of a major coronary artery.

Study protocol Patients were randomly assigned to receive loading doses of either ticagrelor (180 mg) or prasugrel (60 mg) at least 12 hours before intervention. Assignment to one of the two treatments was determined by a computer-based randomization system and randomization assignment for each patient was kept in a sealed envelope. At least 12 hours before PCI (average 13.8±1.1), a study nurse not involved in the procedure was responsible of opening the sealed envelope and administering study drugs according to treatment allocation. Both the patient and the catheterization laboratory team (operator and scrubbed nurse) were blinded to the assigned treatment. The PCI procedures were performed by standard technique. In all cases, balloon pre-dilatation was performed before stent implantation.

Adjunctive medications All patients were administered a 500-mg loading dose of aspirin the day before the procedure. In the catheterization laboratory, all patients received a weight-adjusted intravenous heparin bolus (100 IU/kg) in order to maintain activated clotting time between 250 and 300 seconds. Patients randomized to the prasugrel group received clopidogrel 75 mg once daily as of the day after the PCI, whereas patients randomized to the ticagrelor group received a 600-mg loading dose the day after PCI, and a 75-mg maintenance dose as of the next day.8

Coronary physiology indexes Coronary physiology indexes were measured in each patient before and after PCI. Briefly, an intracoronary pressure/temperature sensor-tipped guide wire (PressureWire X, Abbott, IL) was advanced through the guiding catheter in the distal segment of the target coronary artery. A dedicated monorail catheter (RayFlow, Hexacath, Paris, France), allowing the infusion of saline through 4 outer side holes and the measurement of temperature by the guidewire through 2 inner side holes, was then advanced over the guidewire. The tip of the infusion catheter was placed in the first centimeter of the coronary artery, and the catheter was connected to an infusion pump (Medrad Stellant; Medrad Inc, Warrendale, PA), and saline at room temperature infused at a pre-specified flow rate (Qi, 20 mL/min for the left anterior descending [LAD] and left circumflex artery [LCx] and 15 mL/min for the right coronary artery [RCA]), resulting in a hyperaemic state similar to that produced by adenosine. The temperature of the saline/blood mixture (T) and the distal coronary pressure (Pd) were measured after achieving a steady state. Aortic pressure (Pa) was measured through the guiding catheter. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) was calculated as Pd/Pa during hyperaemia. The temperature of the infused saline (Ti) was measured after pulling the temperature sensor of the guidewire back into the infusion catheter. Pressure tracings and temperatures were simultaneously analysed by a dedicated console equipped with software that automatically calculates physiology indexes (Coroventis Coroflow, Uppsala, Sweden). Q was calculated as 1.08 x (Ti/T) x Qi, and expressed in ml/min. Following the Ohm's law, R was calculated as Pd/Q, and expressed as mm Hg/L/min, or Wood units.

Platelet function analysis Platelet reactivity was measured before study drug assignment and at the time of PCI using the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (Accumetrics, San Diego, California). The VerifyNow P2Y12 assay is a validated optical turbidimetric point-of-care assay specifically assessing the effects of P2Y12 receptor inhibitors:12 the results are reported as P2Y12 reaction units (PRU), and the lower the PRU value, the higher the platelet aggregation inhibition.