Investigating the Inverted-U Relationship Between Cognitive Performance and Plasma Epinephrine: A Registered Report of a Four-arm Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 入组人数
- 40
- 主要终点
- Information processing speed (change between baseline and 5 minutes after intervention/control)
研究概览
简要总结
Abstract Although acute resistance exercise has been suggested to enhance inhibitory control, a critical component of executive function, the mechanism by which acute exercise influences inhibitory control is unclear and there are methodological limitations in previous empirical studies. According to the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) theory, the activity of the LC, the major releaser of NE in the brain, regulates inhibitory control. Because there is reciprocal communication between circulating epinephrine and the LC. Plasma epinephrine is chosen as the index of LC-NE activity. However, only one study in acute exercise-inhibitory control measured the plasma epinephrine. Therefore, this registered report aims to extend its findings by a four-arm crossover randomized controlled design with three different intensities, using free-weight, multiple-joint, and structural resistance exercises. Moreover, most studies showed some methodological limitations such as failing to report the process of randomization, implementing a familiarization of resistance exercise before the maximal strength test, and publishing the protocol. Without a transparent report on how the participants were allocated, the results were at risk of bias. Without a familiarization of resistance exercise, the maximal muscle strength was likely to be underestimated. Without publishing the protocol before data collection, these findings were threatened by undetected researchers' degrees of freedom such as HARKing (hypothesizing after the results are known), cherry picking, and p-hacking. This registered report will address the limitations of previous studies by incorporating cognitive and resistance exercise familiarization, transparently reporting the randomization process, and submitting it as a registered report.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Crossover
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- None
盲法说明
Blinding (masking) and controlling risk of bias Because of the nature of exercise interventions, the blinding of participants and experimenters is not applicable to our study. To reduce the threat of the placebo effect, we will ask participants for their expectations on cognitive performance, and these will be incorporated into our statistical analysis. Blinding of the outcome assessors is also not possible. However, all measurements of cognitive performance will be computerized and not involve human judgment. The data analyzers will not be blinded but will follow a pre-specified statistical analysis plan. These procedures will reduce the risk of bias arising from the lack of blinding of participants, experimenters, assessors, and data analyzers and the threat from researchers' degrees of freedom.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 20 Years 至 40 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •healthy young male aged 18-40 years;
- •recreational resistance-trained (≥ 1 time/week for the previous 6 months);
- •free from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and neurological disorders and other chronic diseases;
- •free from any medical condition listed on the 2014 update of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+);
- •non-smoker; and
- •normal or corrected-to-normal vision.
排除标准
- •athlete trained in a competitive sports team or engaging in exercise for more than 20 hours/week;
- •unable to perform any of the intervention exercises (barbell squat, press, and deadlift); or
- •color blind
结局指标
主要结局
Information processing speed (change between baseline and 5 minutes after intervention/control)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention) and 5 minutes after intervention/control.
The Information processing speed will be the mean simple reaction time. Lower scores mean a better outcome.
Information processing speed (change between baseline and 35 minutes after intervention/control)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention) and 35 minutes after intervention/control.
The Information processing speed will be the mean simple reaction time. Lower scores mean a better outcome.
Inhibitory control (change between baseline and 5 minutes after intervention/control)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention) and 5 minutes after (post-task) intervention/control.
The Inhibitory control (Stroop interference score) will be the mean incongruent reaction time minus the mean congruent reaction time. Lower scores mean a better outcome.
Inhibitory control (change between baseline and 35 minutes after intervention/control)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention) and 35 minutes after (post-task) intervention/control.
The Inhibitory control (Stroop interference score) will be the mean incongruent reaction time minus the mean congruent reaction time. Lower scores mean a better outcome.
Information processing speed (change between baseline and 20 minutes after intervention/control)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention) and 20 minutes after intervention/control.
The Information processing speed will be the mean simple reaction time. Lower scores mean a better outcome.
Inhibitory control (change between baseline and 20 minutes after intervention/control)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention) and 20 minutes after (post-task) intervention/control.
The Inhibitory control (Stroop interference score) will be the mean incongruent reaction time minus the mean congruent reaction time. Lower scores mean a better outcome.
Inhibitory control (change between baseline and 50 minutes after intervention/control)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention) and 50 minutes after (post-task) intervention/control.
The Inhibitory control (Stroop interference score) will be the mean incongruent reaction time minus the mean congruent reaction time. Lower scores mean a better outcome.
Information processing speed (change between baseline and 50 minutes after intervention/control)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention) and 50 minutes after intervention/control.
The Information processing speed will be the mean simple reaction time. Lower scores mean a better outcome.
次要结局
- Epinephrine (change between baseline and 15 minutes after intervention/control)(Baseline and 15 minutes after intervention/control.)
- Epinephrine (change between baseline and 30 minutes after intervention/control)(Baseline and 30 minutes after intervention/control.)
- Epinephrine (change between baseline and immediately after intervention/control)(Baseline and immediately after intervention/control.)
- Epinephrine (change between baseline and 45 minutes after intervention/control)(Baseline and 45 minutes after intervention/control.)
- Epinephrine (change between baseline and 60 minutes after intervention/control)(Baseline and 60 minutes after intervention/control.)
研究者
Ting-Yu Lin
Principal Investigator
National Taiwan Normal University