Erythritol Air-polishing Versus Curette/Ultrasonic Debridement of Mandibular Furcation Lesions in Supportive Periodontal Therapy A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial

INTRODUCTION.Traditionally, periodontal debridement is accomplished using curettes, sonic or ultrasonic scalers, all presenting comparable outcomes.1,2 However, periodic root instrumentation may lead to dental hard tissue3-6 and soft tissue damage,7 and sensitivity due to exposure of dentinal tubules.8-10 Air-polishing using low abrasive glycine or trehalose powder has been shown to reach similar clinical outcomes as hand and ultrasonic instrumentation, but with less hard tissue loss.11-16 Moreover, air-polishing provides superior outcomes relative to patient comfort and time efficiency.7,11,12,14 Recently, a low abrasive erythritol powder with comparable physical properties to glycine air-polishing powder was introduced for subgingival air-polishing.17 Erythritol, a non-toxic, chemically neutral and completely water-soluble polyol is widely used in food industry as an artificial sweetener. Two studies comparing conventional mechanical debridement with erythritol air-polishing, reported similar results in supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) relative to clinical and microbiological outcomes.18,19 Such observations are also reflected in a systematic review concluding that air-polishing systems as a monotherapy are comparable to conventional therapy in patients undergoing SPT in single- and multi-rooted teeth without furcations.20 Moreover, inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis have also been observed.21 To the investigator's knowledge, no prospective studies investigating the efficacy of a low abrasive erythritol air-polishing system in molar furcation defects during SPT have been reported. The objective of this 12-month prospective study was to compare clinical and microbiological effects following an erythritol air-polishing system vs. conventional mechanical debridement of furcation defects in a cohort of periodontal maintenance patients.

METHOD AND MATERIALS. The study protocol and informed consent following the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 (version 2008) was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee (2016/793), University of Bergen, Norway. Participating subjects read and signed the informed consent prior to enrolling in the study.

Prestudy calibration and training. Two operators performed the clinical aspects of this study. Author TS, masked to treatment assignments, performed all clinical recordings and sampling, author IU performed all treatments.

Sample size. The sample size estimation was based on change in PD. A difference of 0.5 mm was considered clinically relevant.22 Standard deviation of the difference between repeated PD measurements from the intra-calibration exercise was 0.5 mm. A power analysis based on 20 subjects and with the level of significance (α) set to 0.05, resulted in 98.9% power to detect a true difference of 0.5 mm.

Treatments. Following baseline examination, mandibular jaw quadrants were randomized (coin toss) to either receive debridement using the erythritol powder/air-polishing system (test) or conventional ultrasonic/curette instrumentation (control) using a split-mouth study design. Sequence of treatments was randomized in a similar fashion. Treatments were delivered at baseline, and repeated at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Test sites thus received root debridement using the low abrasive erythritol powder (Air-flow powder plus®, EMS, Nyon, Switzerland ) applied through a Perio-Flow hand piece connected to an airflow unit (Air-Flow Master®, EMS, Nyon, Switzerland). The hand piece was fitted with a nozzle for subgingival delivery directing the power/air jet perpendicular to the root surface at the water exit at the tip of the nozzle. The nozzle was inserted to the apical aspect of furcation sites with PD≥ 4 mm using striking movements over the furcation area for 5 sec.12 Sites adjoining the test site with PD≥ 4 mm were similarly treated.