Effects of a Tactical Programme for Critical Thinking on Football-Specific Decision-Making and Execution Time in Under-9 Academy Players: A Controlled Parallel-Group Study Using the Stroop Task Football Test
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 25
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Stroop Task Football Test Total Index (TI)
研究概览
简要总结
This study evaluates whether two academy football training programmes are associated with different changes in football-specific cognitive-motor performance in under-9 male players. One academy cohort completed a Tactical Programme for Critical Thinking (TPCT) embedded within game-centred training, whereas a comparison cohort followed its usual repetition-oriented academy programme. Performance was assessed before and after 12 training sessions using the Stroop Task Football Test (STFT), including execution time, response accuracy, and a derived Total Index.
详细描述
This non-randomised, controlled, parallel-group pre-post applied study compared football-specific cognitive-motor performance after two academy training programmes in male under-9 players. Participants belonged to two separate academy cohorts and completed 12 on-field training sessions.
The TPCT training programme combined structured, inquiry-based tactical reflection with a game-centred session design involving modified games, task constraints, and extended representative play. Structured reflection required players to identify the tactical objective, discuss actions that facilitated or constrained performance, consider alternative responses, and agree on an observable collective adjustment to test during subsequent play.
The comparison cohort followed its academy's usual repetition-oriented training programme, characterised primarily by technical drills, passing and dribbling activities, and customary game play without planned collaborative reflection or systematic reflective pauses.
Both cohorts trained three times per week for approximately 90 minutes per session. Because each condition was implemented in one academy cohort, training condition and academy context could not be statistically separated.
Football-specific performance was assessed using the Stroop Task Football Test (STFT). The registered primary outcome was the Total Index (TI). Execution time (ET), type-of-action accuracy (TA), direction-of-movement accuracy (DM), and total correct responses were evaluated as additional STFT outcomes.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Non Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- None
盲法说明
None (Open Label)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 9 Years 至 9 Years（Child）
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Male academy football players registered in the under-9 category.
- •Regular participation in academy football training.
- •Free from injury at baseline and able to fully participate in training and testing.
- •Written informed consent provided by a parent or legal guardian.
- •Age-appropriate assent provided by the child participant.
排除标准
- •Any injury or medical condition limiting full participation at baseline.
- •Injury sustained during the study that prevents continued full participation.
- •Absence from more than 25% of intervention sessions.
- •Inability to complete baseline assessment.
- •Inability to complete post-intervention assessment.
研究组 & 干预措施
TPCT + Matched Academy Football Training
Participants complete routine academy football training with the same weekly frequency, session duration, and tactical content as the comparison group. In addition, they receive a Tactical Programme for Critical Thinking (TPCT) embedded within training sessions, including a brief opening dialogue, constrained small-sided games, structured reflection cycles guided by five questions, and extended free play.
干预措施: Tactical Programme for Critical Thinking (TPCT) (Behavioral)
TPCT-integrated academy football training
Participants completed 12 academy football training sessions combining structured tactical reflection with modified games, task constraints, and extended representative play. Reflection episodes used standardised, age-appropriate questions to identify tactical objectives, evaluate previous actions, consider alternative responses, and agree on an observable collective adjustment for subsequent play.
干预措施: Tactical Programme for Critical Thinking (TPCT) (Behavioral)
Usual academy football training
Participants completed their academy's usual 12-session training programme with the same weekly frequency and approximately the same session duration as the TPCT cohort. Training was predominantly repetition-oriented and included technical drills, passing and dribbling activities, and customary game play without planned collaborative reflection or systematic reflective pauses.
干预措施: Matched Academy Football Training (Behavioral)
Standard Academy Football Training
Participants complete routine academy football training with the same planned tactical themes, training dose, session duration, and overall schedule as the experimental group. Training follows the academy's standard repetition-based approach and does not include structured collaborative reflection, the TPCT questioning scaffold, or planned reflection breaks between game-based repetitions.
干预措施: Matched Academy Football Training (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Stroop Task Football Test Total Index (TI)
时间窗: Baseline (before the first intervention session) and 48 to 72 hours after the participant's final intervention session (approximately 3 weeks after baseline).
The STFT Total Index is calculated according to the original scoring procedure as the number of correct responses divided by total execution time expressed in minutes. Higher values represent a combination of greater response accuracy and faster execution.
Stroop Task Football Test Total Index (TI)
时间窗: Baseline (before the first intervention session) and 48 to 72 hours after the participant's final intervention session (approximately 6-7 weeks after baseline).
The STFT Total Index is calculated according to the original scoring procedure as the number of correct responses divided by total execution time expressed in minutes. Higher values represent a combination of greater response accuracy and faster execution.
次要结局
- Stroop Task Football Test Execution Time (ET)(Baseline (before the first intervention session) and 48 to 72 hours after the participant's final intervention session (approximately 6-7 weeks after baseline).)
- Stroop Task Football Test Decision-Making: Direction of Movement (DMA-DM)(Baseline (before the first intervention session) and 48 to 72 hours after the participant's final intervention session (approximately 6-7 weeks after baseline).)
- Stroop Task Football Test Execution Time (ET)(Baseline (before the first intervention session) and 48 to 72 hours after the participant's final intervention session (approximately 3 weeks after baseline).)
- Stroop Task Football Test Decision-Making: Direction of Movement (DMA-DM)(Baseline (before the first intervention session) and 48 to 72 hours after the participant's final intervention session (approximately 3 weeks after baseline).)
研究者
Édison Andrés Pérez Bedoya
Sponsor investigator
Federal University of Vicosa