Instrumentation Time Efficiency and Histologically the Debriding Efficacy of Rotary and Hand Instrumentation Performed on Human Primary Teeth.

Patient selection was based on the following criteria:

• the aims and requirements of the study were freely accepted by the parents;
• primary molars with at least 11.0 ± 1.0 mm of working length
• Treatment was limited to patients in good health;
• All teeth had vital and non-vital pulps without a sinus tract;
• Excess of bleeding during a pulpotomy; 6) Presence of enough coronal tooth and root structure;
• No prior pulpectomy treatment on the involved tooth,
• absence of perforation in the internal and/or external furcation area and
• No analgesics or antibiotics were used before the clinical procedures began. Exclusion criteria were patients without inclusion requirements or failure to obtain parent´s authorization, and were excluded if they were older than 7 years old, had a positive history of antibiotic use within the past month, diabetic, hemophilic or if the tooth had root resorption or been previously accessed and initiated a pulpectomy.

Once eligibility was confirmed, the parents were informed of the study design, the clinical procedure involved, and the associated risks. Patients aged 4-7 years of age were enrolled in this study, forty-five teeth (19 maxillaries and 26 mandibular teeth), which had a total of 102 canals and completely formed apices and of minimum 10 mm root length were selected. All selected teeth had mature apexes with no radiographic sign of root resorption.

Of the 45 treated primary molars, 31 teeth were diagnosed as having chronic pulpitis, and 14 as having pulp necrosis that responded negative to hot and cold tests; and, clinically, all pulps were confirmed to be necrotic on entrance into the pulp chamber. Informed consent was obtained and written by the parents from each patient in accordance with the approval of the study by the ethical board of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Odontología Tijuana, México. All clinical procedures and measurements were conducted by the author.

A #0 periapical radiograph was taken for each tooth in buccolingual projection to allow proper selection. The selected teeth included 7 second maxillary molars (three canals each), 9 first maxillary molars (2 canals each), 3 central incisors (one canal each), 18 first mandibular molars (2 canals each), 8 second mandibular molars (three canals each) for a total of 45 teeth with 102 canals.