Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation Study (COBLT)

BACKGROUND:

Bone marrow transplantation is an effective therapy for a variety of genetic and hematologic disorders. Donated bone marrow, which provides a source of stem and progenitor cells for bone marrow reconstitution, is obtained either from related donors, usually HLA-matched siblings, or from HLA-matched unrelated donors. Because of the limited availability of HLA-matched related donors, HLA-matched unrelated donors are frequently the only alternative source of bone marrow for transplantation. To provide matched volunteer bone marrow donors for unrelated recipients, the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) was established in 1986 to develop a national Registry of HLA-typed individuals who agree to donate bone marrow if needed. More than 3 million potential marrow donors are now enrolled. A limitation of the registry approach is the time needed to identify a donor and complete the necessary clinical evaluation and laboratory testing for histocompatibility, infectious diseases, and general good health. Moreover, a certain proportion of potential donors change their minds or otherwise become unavailable between the time they enter the Registry and the time they are called as a preliminary match for a patient. Another disadvantage is the marrow harvesting procedure which requires the normal donor to be hospitalized and given general anesthesia in an operating room. Finally, the NMDP Registry consists of potential donors that are primarily of European Caucasian ancestry. Although great strides have been made in increasing the numbers of African-Americans, Hispanics, Asian-Americans, and Native Americans, it is still more difficult to find matches for these ethnic minorities than for Caucasian patients.

Human umbilical cord blood is an alternative source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells capable of reconstituting the bone marrow of recipients with a variety of diseases. Cord blood stem and progenitor cells from related donors have been successfully transplanted world-wide in children with genetic or hematologic diseases. These results suggested that cord blood from unrelated, HLA-matched donors also can be used for patients who need a transplant but don't have a related donor. The existing problems in unrelated-donor bone marrow transplantation with donor recruitment, bone marrow harvesting, and matching for antigens peculiar to a particular ethnic group would be reduced if typed, tested, and frozen umbilical cord blood could be made easily and rapidly available. Such a system, which could complement or partially replace the present process, has been shown to be feasible. In an NHLBI-sponsored program, investigators have collected and cryopreserved a bank of about 9,000 human UCBUs. In addition, successful searches and matches (including many 4/6 antigen matches) have resulted in more than 900 unrelated-donor, UCBU transplants to date. Preliminary data from both these unrelated-donor and other related-donor cord blood transplants suggest that there is less GvHD than if the source of the graft were adult bone marrow. The severity of GvHD also seems less even in highly mismatched recipients. One important question is whether or not 3/6 HLA matched transplants in children will have acceptable 180-day disease free survival. It also remains to be determined if the graft-vs-leukemia effect is also less or if unrelated-donor cord blood grafts are as durable as those from matched, related-donors. Most transplants conducted thus far have been in children. Hence another important question is whether or not there are sufficient numbers of stem cells in cord blood to support transplantation to an unrelated adult.

The initiative was proposed by the Division of Blood Diseases and Resources staff and approved by the February 1995 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory Council. The Requests for Proposals were released in June 1995. Contracts were awarded September 30, 1997.

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