Comparative Study of White Light Endoscopy and Magnifying Endoscopy in Assessing the Status of Helicobacter Pylori Infection

This study adopts a cross-sectional study. The expected recruitment time for all participants is 12 months. Our endoscopy center conducts magnifying staining endoscopy examination, along with endoscopic Hp immunohistochemical testing, and cases that have recently completed carbon-13 or carbon-14 breath tests.

1.Retrospectively enrolled cases from August 1, 2022 to April 30, 2024, who underwent magnifying endoscopic examination with endoscopic Hp immunohistochemical testing result at the Endoscopy Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University. All enrolled cases had carbon-13 or carbon-14 breath tests, excluding cases of total gastric atrophy and endoscopic type A gastritis. The criteria for determining the status of Hp infection: A positive immunohistochemical or 13/carbon-14 breath test result indicates a current Hp infection. If both of immunohistochemical or 13/carbon-14 breath test result are negative, combined with the treatment history for Hp infection and endoscopic manifestations, they are further classified as non-infection or past H. pylori infection. If there is a treatment history for Hp infection or obvious atrophy under the endoscopy in which atrophy degree greater than or equal to Kimura-Takemoto classification C2 ( atrophy exceeding the gastric angle), it is considered as past H. pylori infection. If there is no such manifestation, it is considered Hp non-infection. Extract the relevant characteristics of Hp infection under white light and magnifying endoscopy from continuous inclusion of cases, and determine the Hp infection status separately. The characteristics of white light endoscopic extraction include degree of atrophy (Kimura-Takemoto classification), congestion and edema, yellow white nodules, mucus turbidity, the arrangement of the collecting veins is regular (RAC)/irregular/disappearing, goose flesh, map-like redness, blood scabs, gastric fundus gland polyps, and scratch syndrome, and are judged according to the Kyoto Classification of Gastritis. Magnifying endoscopy uses NBI+ME to observe the non atrophic area of the gastric fundus gland. According to the proportion of the opening of the gastric fundus gland duct in one magnified field of view, it is classified as grade 1 ≤ 25%, indicating Hp current infection, 25%<grade 2<50%, Hp uncertain state, indicating Hp current infection or after recent sterilization, grade 3 ≥ 50%, indicating Hp non-infection or past H. pylori infection. The investigators conduct a comparative study between white light endoscopy and magnifying endoscopy, and conduct subgroup analysis based on Hp infection status.

Based on the characteristics of white light endoscopy and magnifying endoscopy, summarize and sort out the integrated endoscopic Hp infection status judgment process (named the integrated endoscopic judgment).

Prospective enrollment: From May 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024, patients who underwent magnifying endoscopic examination with endoscopic Hp immunohistochemical testing result at the Endoscopy Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University. All enrolled cases had carbon-13 or carbon-14 breath tests, excluding cases of total gastric atrophy and endoscopic type A gastritis. Using the white light endoscopy, magnifying endoscopy, and integrated endoscopic judgment to determine the Hp infection status, three different endoscopic Hp judgment results will be obtained, and data comparison conducted between the three groups.

All enrolled cases were evaluated blindly by two doctors. If there was no consensus, the third doctor would further evaluate and determine the Hp infection status under white light endoscopy, magnifying endoscopy, and integrated endoscopic judgment. Based on the comparison results, a more accurate endoscopic method will be selected to determine the Hp infection status.