A prospective, two arm, observational study to analyze the factors predicting the role of double J stenting technique in management of acute pyelonephritis.

Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a severe, complicated urinary tract infection caused by the ascent of enteric bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli, from the bladder to the kidneys. It presents with systemic symptoms like fever, chills, and malaise, along with urinary symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria. Despite its global prevalence, particularly among women, and significant morbidity, epidemiological data on its incidence and causative organisms remain limited. The study aims to analyze factors determining the need for Double J (DJ) stenting in APN management and to evaluate the clinical profile and predisposing factors in these patients.

Inclusion Criteria: Adults aged ≥18 years diagnosed with APN and consenting to participate. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with pyonephrosis, perinephric/renal abscess, emphysematous pyelonephritis, requiring percutaneous nephrostomy or external drainage, or pregnant females.

Data collection will include demographic details, comorbidities, urological history, clinical symptoms, and blood investigations (CBC, RFT, RBS, HbA1c, cultures). Monitoring will cover key parameters such as fever, tachycardia, and renal function from admission to discharge.

The study will recruit patients over one year, with endpoints focusing on clinical and diagnostic factors predicting the need for DJ stenting.