Effects of Classical Music Combined with Binaural Beats, Negative Augmented Feedback, and White Noise on Psychological States and Running Performance in Recreational Runners

Sun Moon University0 个研究点目标入组 66 人开始时间: 2026年5月4日最近更新: 2026年8月3日

适应症

试验速览

Participant information Target and final enrollment: 66 recreational runners aged 18-50 years. After randomisation, 22 participants were allocated to each of three groups: classical music combined with binaural beats (CB, n=22), negative augmented feedback (NAF, n=22), and white noise (WN, n=22). Sex distribution: 32 men (CB 10, NAF 13, WN 9) and 34 women (CB 12, NAF 9, WN 13). Age: CB 22.00±1.51, NAF 22.09±2.07, WN 22.55±1.79 years. No participant discontinued the study; 66 participants (22 per group) were analysed. Groups did not differ at baseline in age, height, or weight (p=.565, .255, .369).
Outcome measures (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, F with partial eta squared)

Running economy (mL/kg/km): CB 292.03±71.79 to 307.74±72.32; NAF 277.44±44.34 to 283.75±60.62; WN 321.31±58.59 to 331.23±79.52. Time x group 0.21 (.007), time 3.17 (.048), group 3.12 (.090); none significant.
Cadence (steps/min): time x group 1.90 (.057), not significant.
Step length (cm): main effect of time 4.86 (.072), p=.031; time x group 1.27 (.039), not significant.
Stride length (cm): main effect of time 9.92 (.136), p=.002; time x group 1.26 (.039), not significant.
Positive affect (PANAS): time x group 3.12 (.090), p=.051, not significant.
Negative affect (PANAS): CB 17.59±2.91 to 15.95±2.63; NAF 15.41±2.54 to 16.59±3.88; WN 17.68±2.85 to 15.91±1.85. Time x group 6.58 (.173), p=.003, significant. Post hoc tests showed significant decreases in CB (p=.014) and WN (p=.008), with no significant change in NAF (p=.074).
Flow state (SFSS): time x group 0.05 (.001), not significant.
Perceived controlling behaviour (CCBS, manipulation check): CB 25.64±6.59 to 24.41±5.91; NAF 25.23±4.76 to 57.45±15.66; WN 23.91±3.54 to 22.18±3.17. Time x group 88.46 (.737), p<.001, significant. After the intervention, scores were higher in NAF than in CB and WN (both p<.001), with no difference between CB and WN (p=.873).

Adverse events No serious adverse events and no other adverse events occurred during the study.
Summary of results During a single 20-minute treadmill run, the three auditory environments produced no between-group differences in running economy or spatiotemporal gait parameters. Step length and stride length increased as main effects of time, consistent with repeated exposure to the running task. Negative affect decreased in the CB and WN groups but not in the NAF group, and negative augmented feedback markedly increased perceived controlling behaviour. Thus, the acute effects of the auditory conditions were observed in affective responses rather than in physiological performance indices.

研究类型: Interventional
主要目的: Basic Science, Intervention Model : Parallel, Blinding/Masking : Open, Allocation : RCT

•Healthy adults aged 18 to 50 years who participate in recreational running and have prior experience of treadmill running

•History of musculoskeletal, vascular, or neurological injury or surgery within the past six months
•Acute infection or cold symptoms
•Severe pain during physical activity
•Diagnosis of, or treatment for, a mental health condition such as depression, anxiety, or panic disorder within the past six months

发起方