Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery Versus Multi-Tract Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Complex Renal Stones: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nephrolithiasis is a very common disease and continues to be a common cause of morbidity. The evolving epidemiology of this disease includes changes in gender distribution and associations with systemic disease. The currently available modalities for the treatment of renal calculi include extracorporeal shockwaves lithotripsy (SWL), flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

Complex renal stones usually refer to multiple stones, stones associated with anatomical or functional abnormalities or staghorn calculi. They can cause severe morbidities such as renal failure, sepsis, and even death. Rassweiler et al. defined complex renal calculi based on stone burden and distribution, renal function and associated infection. Due to the complicated etiological factors, large stone burdens, high operation risks and high recurrence, it is always a challenge for surgeons to treat such stones. Complete stone clearance is the ultimate goal in staghorn calculi management because of the high incidence of recurrence and its inherent risks to the kidney and life of the patient.

Various management options are available for management of staghorn renal calculi including PCNL monotherapy, single-tract PCNL with flexible nephroscopy, multi-tract PCNL, combinations of PCNL and SWL, SWL monotherapy and open surgical options.

The American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines recommend PCNL as the first-line treatment for staghorn calculi. According to the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, SWL remains the method of choice for the removal of stones within the renal pelvis, upper or middle calices measuring < 2 cm while larger stones (more than 2 cm) and lower pole stones more than 1.5 cm should be managed using PCNL.

It is noteworthy that prone position is conventionally used for PCNL surgical procedure, which facilitates percutaneous renal puncture and decreases the chance of splanchnic injury. However, it confines the application of Endoscopic Combined Intra-Renal Surgery (ECIRS). Scoffone CM et al. reported the use of ECIRS in Galdakao-Modified Supine Valdivia (GMSV) position for complex urolithiasis, the results showed that ECIRS in GMSV position generated high one step SFR, without additional procedure related complications.