"Mobile Stroke-Unit" for Reduction of the Response Time in Ischemic Stroke

Stroke is the most common cause of permanent disability, the second most common cause of dementia and the third most common cause of death in elderly in industrialized countries. Approximately 85 % of all strokes are due to cerebral ischemia, whereas 15% are due to cerebral hemorrhage. In 1998, over 600.000 new strokes occurred within the European Union. Since the incidence of stroke is strongly age-related, the number of stroke victims is expected to increase substantially over the next decades as the proportion of the subjects older than 70 is estimated to grow from about 13 % to 20 % (Wahlgren 2001; The European stroke initiative, 2000). Within the next 8 years the yearly direct costs for stroke can be estimated to about 27 billion € only in Germany (Kolominsky-Rabas et al., 2006). Due to the increased incidence in the future, these costs are expected to increase by about 10 - 15 % within the next 10 years.

The main causes of ischemic stroke are thromboembolic occlusion of cerebral vessels by embolism of the heart or of the brain feeding arteries. This occlusion of a cerebral artery leads to an immediate drop of the blood flow in the corresponding arterial territory. This reduced blood flow leads to the known neurological symptoms of the affected brain area.

Animal experiments show that a massive cellular death occurs within minutes after the occlusion of an intracerebral artery in the centre of the ischemic lesion (infarction core). The region surrounding this area (penumbra) is at high risk by a functionally reduced blood flow. By improving the blood flow, this area could potentially be rescued and therefore represents the focus of every stroke therapy. Aggravatingly, the first irreversible cellular death in the penumbra starts as early as 30 minutes to 1 hour after stroke onset (Astrup et al., 1981; Heiss et al., 1983; Garcia et al., 1995; Watanabe et al., 1977; Siesjo et al., 1992; Hossmann 1994; Hu et al., 2001). Based on these data, a causal therapy of ischemic stroke appears only possible, if the cerebral blood flow is re-established within the very first hours after symptom onset (Dyker et al., 1998; Kasner et al., 1997; Adams et al., 1996; Brott et al., 1992; Del Zoppo et al., 1996; Zivin, 1998).

Currently, systemic thrombolysis with the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), which is approved in Germany since 2000, represents the first evidence-based and the only causal treatment for acute ischemic stroke. The therapy should be performed as early as possible to minimize the cerebral injury and to avoid complications (i.e., hemorrhagie). Treatment with rt-PA has been studied in 6 large randomized placebo-controlled multi-centre studies (The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group, 1995; Hacke et al. 1995; Hacke et al., 1998; Clark et al., 2000). Meta-analysis of these studies showed that a thrombolytic therapy within the first 3 hours results in a significant reduction of disability or death (Hacke et al., 1998; 2004).

The chances to save the brain tissue by a thrombolytic therapy exponentially decrease with passing time. In most cases, the patient is examined by an emergency physician, but the beginning of the final thrombolysis therapy is delayed by a variety of factors, like delivery to the hospital, neurologist re-examinations, and delay in blood analysis or CT scan.