Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography for Advanced Imaging of Centronuclear Myopathy

Centronuclear myopathy (CNM) belongs to the group of congenital myopathies. These are named after their histopathological feature: the nucleus is localized in the center of the muscle cell instead of its physiological position at the periphery. CNM is so rare that there are only epidemiological data available for the group of congenital myopathies as a whole. The incidence is estimated at 0.06 per 1,000 live births.

CNM is genetically and clinically heterogeneous. Identified gene mutations affect proteins involved in membrane remodeling, transport, and excitation-contraction coupling.

Patients with CNM usually present with muscle weakness and hypotonia in early childhood. The severity of the disease varies depending on the underlying genotype and ranges from reduced exercise tolerance and ptosis to floppy infant syndrome and respiratory failure. One example of a very severe course is the X-linked form caused by a Myotubularin 1 (MTM1) nonsense mutation (XL-MTM). Affected patients become symptomatic in the neonatal period and usually die in childhood or adolescence. In contrast, patients with the Dynamin 2 (DNM2) mutation have a later onset and milder disease progression. In the few reported patients with Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1) mutations, onset occurs in infancy or adulthood with a moderate disease course. Ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1)-associated CNMs also vary in terms of age of onset and disease severity.

Diagnosis is based on molecular genetic testing and muscle biopsy. However, these techniques are not widely available, are time-consuming, and invasive. Anesthesia is usually required for young patients.

Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) enables the detection of specific endogenous chromophores such as collagen, myoglobin, or hemoglobin using a non-invasive approach comparable to conventional ultrasound. Instead of sound waves, MSOT uses near-infrared light pulses that are absorbed by tissue, causing thermoelastic expansion of certain molecules. This expansion generates ultrasound waves, which are then detected by the same device. The multispectral illumination and signal unmixing enable precise localization and quantification of muscle-specific subcellular structures. MSOT has already demonstrated the potential to visualize muscle structure and disease extent in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD), and to distinguish these patients from healthy volunteers. To date, there are no optoacoustic data available for CNM.