The Effects of Pasture-raised Versus Conventional Whey Protein Supplementation on Vascular Function and Markers of Exercise-induced Muscle Damage and Inflammation in Resistance-trained Individuals
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 39
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Range of motion
研究概览
简要总结
Intense exercise can bring about various side effects to one's body. Less range of motion, increased pain sensitivity, increased muscle swelling, and decreased muscle strength can occur immediately after exercise. These side effects can be referred to exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) and can sometimes last many days. This study's goal is to evaluate the effects of various protein supplements on EIMD symptoms as well as on blood vessel health during the recovery period after muscle damaging exercise.
详细描述
Eccentric exercise can result in exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), which can cause an abundance of ultrastructural muscular disruption and pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant activity in the body, leading to an impairment of muscular force production and range of motion, along with elevated pain sensitivity, increased swelling, and arterial stiffness. Pasture-raised dairy products, obtained from strictly grass-fed cows, have been shown to possess more anti-inflammatory-, antioxidant-, and antihypertensive-like biochemicals compared with conventional products (i.e., with a different nutrient composition from a diet rich in grains versus grasses). However, human research trials on these products, such as whey protein concentrate (WPC), are neglected. This study addresses this gap, with a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that compares the effect of conventional WPC versus WPC supplementation reported to be derived from pasture-raised cows on vascular function and indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation in response to eccentric EIMD in healthy, young, resistance-trained women and men. Thirty resistance-trained individuals will complete an intense EIMD bout consisting of eccentric barbell back squats and then will be assessed 24, 48, and 72 hours post-EIMD for muscle soreness, range of motion, maximal isometric voluntary contraction, peripheral fatigue via magnetic stimulation, countermovement jump, barbell back squat velocity, and vascular function (i.e., arterial stiffness via carotid femoral pulse wave velocity). Subjects will be grouped into a conventional WPC, pasture-raised WPC, and placebo supplementation group and consume their respective supplementation thrice daily immediately post-EIMD until the study's completion.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Basic Science
- 盲法
- Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 40 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Men and women 18-40 years old
- •≥3 months uninterrupted training of ≥3 days/week of resistance training
- •Self-reported to be healthy
排除标准
- •Not within defined age range
- •History of allergy to dairy products
- •History of experiencing pain while exercising in the lower extremities (i.e., hips/knees)
- •Current use of anti-inflammatory/anti-pain medication (i.e., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Tylenol, Advil, or Aleve
- •Are pregnant or could possibly be pregnant by self-report
- •People who answer 'yes' to any of the pre-participation screening questions on the PAR-Q questionnaire.
结局指标
主要结局
Range of motion
时间窗: Four days
Hamstring flexibility and stiffness will be measured using a sit-and-reach box (Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, IN) test. Units: cm
Isometric torque
时间窗: Four days
Isometric torque assessment of right leg extensors will be conducted at a knee angle of 90 degrees using a calibrated load cell (model Z Tension Load Cell; Dillon, Fairmont, MN) Units: Nm
Titin
时间窗: Four days
Muscle damage assessment via urinary titin via ELISA (MBS2881644, Human Titin ELISA® Kit, MyBioSource.com, Inc., San Diego, USA). Units: pmol
Peripheral Fatigue
时间窗: Four days
Peripheral fatigue will be assessed via magnetic stimulation (Magstim 200-2; Jali Medical, Newton, MA, USA) of the femoral nerve, which will be used to elicit a quadriceps twitch. Units: Nm
delayed onset muscle soreness
时间窗: Four days
Visual analog scale of muscle soreness (delayed onset muscle soreness; DOMS) - Knee extensor soreness will be assessed using a visual analogue scale with "no soreness" indicated at one end (score 0) and "unbearably painful" at the other (score 100). Units: arbitrary units
Barbell back squat velocity
时间窗: Four days
The mean velocity of the barbell will be measured using the linear position transducer as per the load velocity profile relationship. Units: m/s
Pain pressure threshold
时间窗: Four days
Muscle tenderness, known as pain pressure threshold, will be quantified using a digital algometer (Force One, Wagner Instruments, Greenwich, CT) on pre-marked sites at two specific points on the quadriceps (rectus femoris-RF and vastus lateralis-VL) and one on the calf (gastrocnemius-GM). Units: percentage change from baseline
Countermovement Jump
时间窗: Four days
A linear position transducer (GymAware Powertool; Kinetic Performance Technology, Canberra, Australia) interfaced with an iPad (Apple, CA, USA) will be used to calculate countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Units: cm
次要结局
- Arterial Stiffness(Four days)
研究者
Tim Mickleborough
Professor
Indiana University