A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Phase I Clinical Study of Chondroitin Sulfate Supplementation for Treatment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intra-abdominal emergency that primarily affects premature infants and is characterized by abdominal distention, extreme illness, and intestinal necrosis-with mortality rates that range from 20-30%. Despite earnest research, there have been no significant advances in our ability to treat this disease within the last several decades, making NEC an unmet medical need.

Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) is a detrimental sequela in infants with NEC and carries an incidence of approximately 40%. NDI is believed to be a result of the systemic inflammatory response and pathogenic signaling cascades associated with NEC, resulting in white-matter injury, alterations in brain parenchyma, and loss of brain matter volume-which then manifest in later life as cognitive and motor deficits, autism, and cerebral palsy. Novel therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent NEC and its long-term sequelae would have a significant impact on reducing morbidity and mortality in this fragile population.

Our long-term goal is to develop effective methods for the prevention and treatment of NEC and its neurodevelopmental sequelae. In this regard, the use of human breast milk (HM) is an important preventative strategy to reduce the incidence of NEC. In one study, 7.2% of infants receiving formula developed NEC while only 1.2% of infants exclusively being fed breastmilk developed NEC. This would suggest that protective compounds exist in human breastmilk that may prevent NEC. However, despite the beneficial properties of human breastmilk, it's important to note that breast milk has not been shown to eliminate NEC. Therefore, finding protective compounds in HM that could be utilized as a formula additive or breast milk booster would be highly effective in further preventing and treating NEC. A prominent glycosoaminoglycan gaining clinical interest is chondroitin sulfate (CS), which comprises over half of the normal GAG content in HM and is surprisingly nonexistent in most major infant formulas. Additionally, the concentration of CS in HM is higher in preterm mothers than in term mothers, thereby suggesting some evolutionary importance for this compound to preterm infants6.

A review of the prior rigor of research suggests that CS decreases blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in mice experiencing stress, reduces invasion and translocation of bacteria within the intestine, restores repressed fecal short-chain fatty acids, and alters the intestinal microbiome. We have appreciated beneficial effects of CS in protecting the intestine during experimental NEC. A possible mechanism of action surrounds its modulation of the Th17 immune cell profile. An increase in Th17 cells and intestinal NFĸΒ phosphorylation has long been recognized as contributing molecular factors in NEC. Furthermore, IL-17 is an important effector cytokine of Th17 cells and is involved in the pathogenesis of acute neuroinflammatory conditions.

The overarching goal of this project is to perform a randomized, controlled, double blind phase 1 clinical trial to assess the short- and long-term safety profiles of chondroitin sulfate for the treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis in the neonatal population. Preliminary data from murine and porcine animal models in our lab have shown protection against the intestinal and neurodevelopmental sequelae of NEC. CS has previously been considered a food supplement and therefore is not regulated by the FDA. It has been classified as Generally Recognized as Safe by the FDA and has been used in adult clinical trials without increased safety concerns. We therefore hypothesize that CS will be safe to administer in the neonatal NEC population and will have a beneficial safety profile in the short term intestinal and long term neurodevelopmental sequela of NEC. To test these hypotheses, we propose the following Specific Aims: