CRISAL Study:Cancer Risk In Secreting Adrenal Lesions

Background: The risk of adrenal cancer increases with increasing lesion size. Up to 60% of malignant adrenal lesions have hormonal activity and that hypercortisolism is strongly suggestive of malignancy, however data regarding the risk of cancer risk in secreting adrenal lesions are not indicated.

Although guidelines suggest open adrenalectomy for lesions with preoperative features suspicious of malignancy (size ≥ 6 cm, radiological features suggestive of malignancy, history of neoplastic disease, rapid growth, several authors have reported the safety and feasibility of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) also in these cases.

Since no clear superiority of one MIS approach over another (lateral, posterior, or anterior approach) in terms of perioperative outcomes has been demonstrated, the guidelines agree on using the more familiar approach to the surgeon.

Knowing the oncological risk of adrenal secretion lesions could allow greater awareness in the patient's multidisciplinary approach and a better balance of the risk-benefit ratio in the choice of management of the patient affected by secreting adrenal lesion, especially in the case of asymptomatic lesion or manageable with medical therapy. Comparison of the various surgical approaches for the different types of adrenal lesions could allow identifying the best surgical route for each of them.

Methods: This study will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines for good clinical practice (ICH/GCP). The study protocol will be approved by the Ethics Committee of the institutions involved. An Institutional Data Safety Monitoring Board will also be appointed.This is an ambispective (retrospective and prospective) multicentre observational study. It will based on the consecutive enrollment of all patients aged 18 years or over undergoing elective adrenalectomy, after the acceptance of informed consent. For the primary aim of the study, only patients affected by secreting adrenal lesion will be considered and the incidence of cancer will be established on the basis of the definitive histology. For the further aims of the study, all enrolled patients will be divided into: patients with secreting adrenal lesions and patients with non-secreting adrenal lesions. Both groups will be stratified on the basis of definitive histology (malignant/benign) in order to identify the incidence of cancer for each group, the results will then be compared within and postoperative at 30 days. To assess the superiority of one approach over another, all patients will be stratified according to the minimally invasive approach adopted (anterior transperitoneal, lateral transperitoneal, lateral retroperitoneal, prone retroperitoneal, laparoscopic, robotic) and the type of adrenal pathology (secretory lesion, malignant tumor, metastasis, pheochromocytoma, etc...) and will be compared in terms of intra and 30 days postoperative results. All patients undergoing elective adrenalectomy aged ≥ 18 years will be included in the present study. Emergency cases and pregnant patients will be excluded.