MRI for Non-invasive Evaluation of Brain Stress

The incidence of craniosynostosis is reported to be 1/2,000 births. Craniosynostosis is a birth defect that causes one or more sutures on a baby's head to close earlier than normal. The skull of an infant or young child is made up of bony plates that allow for growth of the skull. The borders at which these plates intersect are called sutures or suture lines. Early closing of a suture causes the baby to have an abnormally shaped head.

Original contributions by Dr. Paul Tessier along with technological advances (improved pediatric anesthesia, rigid fixation, resorbable plates, endoscopic techniques and distraction) have significantly advanced surgical treatment for these patients over the past 40 years.

Primary indication for operative treatment for patients with craniosynostosis is to prevent or treat increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and avoid neurological impairment. Increased ICP is thought to result from restricted space for brain growth caused by decreased cranial vault volume. A secondary surgical indication is normalization of head shape for cosmetic purposes.

Literature is limited on the relationship between craniosynostosis and ICP. The most widely reported study is by Renier and colleagues. In 75 patients preoperative ICP monitoring was performed using an epidural sensor. They identified ICP to be normal in one-third of the cases, obviously elevated in one-third, and borderline in one-third. When counseling patients, practitioners report a 13% rate of increased ICP for single suture synostosis and 42% for multiple suture synostosis. However, the authors used adult normative values for ICP (normal less than 10mmHg and elevated greater than 15mmHg). Normal ICP in children and infants has been identified to be closer to 6 mmHg.

Due to the invasiveness of the test, preoperative ICP monitoring is not routinely performed to decide if operative repair is required. Other indirect signs of increased intracranial pressure have been described (e.g., copper beaten appearance of the skull on plain film, papilledema, comparing intracranial volume to normative data), but are not reliable. Currently, the standard of care is to surgically treat all patients with craniosynostosis.