The Dose Effects of Remifentanil Boluses on the Hemodynamic Response to Skull Pin Insertion.

Skull pin insertion is commonly required for craniotomies and cervical spine surgery. It is a brief but highly stimulating maneuver performed following induction, during a period of light anesthesia, and may cause significant rise in blood pressure, heart rate and intracranial pressure if not anticipated and treated.

A wide variety of methods have been shown to be effective at blunting this hypertensive response. These include intravenous agents such as fentanyl, sufentanil, clonidine, ketamine and magnesium sulphate, local anesthetic methods such as injection at pin sites or full scalp blocks, deepening the volatile agent, oral premedication or a combination of these methods. There is no consensus on which of these methods is the best. Many anesthesiologists simply use boluses of propofol - a reliable way of accomplishing this effect with a familiar drug. It is also very common for anesthesiologists to use remifentanil, by increasing the infusion rate and or bolusing.

Remifentanil is an ultra-short acting opiate with such rapid onset and offset, that it is most easily and safely delivered by infusion. Increasingly in the literature, however, are reports of remifentanil administered as boluses rather than infusions. Boluses may be ideal for very short stimulating procedures such as intubation and skull pin fixation where a quick onset and offset are desired. Although the safety of bolusing remifentanil has been established in many studies , some authors are still apprehensive . Care must be taken to avoid bolusing with greater doses than required since this may lead to bradycardia and hypotension. In non-ventilated patients, respiratory depression is common and chest wall rigidity may occur at doses larger than 4ug/kg9.

Different bolus dose-effect studies have recommended the following for remifentanil in a variety of clinical settings:

• 3-5ug/kg with propofol 2mg/kg for intubation without muscle relaxants ,
• 2ug/kg with propofol TCI (>4ug/ml) and cisatracurium for intubation (no additional hemodynamic benefit using 4ug/kg)
• 1-1.25ug/kg for rapid sequence intubation with thiopentone 5-7mg/kg and succinylcholine 1mg/kg
• ED50 of 1.7ug/kg and ED95 of 2.88ug/kg for good to excellent intubating conditions in both infants and children (when used with 10ug/kg glycopyrrolate and 4mg/kg propofol)
• 3ug/kg (plus 4mg/kg propofol) provides similar intubating conditions when used in place of succinylcholine 2mg/kg for intubation in infants8