The Effect of Competition Season on Shoulder Periarticular Structures, Muscle Strength, Range of Motion, Scapular Muscle Endurance and Upper Extremity Performance in Young Swimmers

Changes in shoulder periarticular structures during training season

时间窗: up to 32 weeks

Measurements will be made by a medical physician with at least 4 years of experience in musculoskeletal ultrasonography. The participants will be placed in a position called the Crass position, where the arm is in extension, adduction, and internal rotation, and the dorsal aspect of the hand is placed on the lumbar region. Deltoid muscle thickness: The thickness of the muscle tissue between the skin and subcutaneous tissue and the supraspinatus tendon will be measured from the point where it is thickest. Supraspinatus tendon thickness: The supraspinatus muscle, which is between the deltoid muscle and the humerus-articular cartilage, will be measured at its thickest point. Cartilage thickness of the humeral head: Articular cartilage thickness, which is seen anechoic between the humerus and the supraspinatus tendon, will be measured from the midpoint. Acromiohumeral distance: The distance between the humerus and acromion will be measured in the neutral position.

Changes in muscle strength during the training season

时间窗: up to 32 weeks

Isometric muscle strength will be measured with a hand dynamometer. Before starting the measurement, the participants will be informed verbally about the technique of practice of the test. In order to ensure correct movement, individuals will be asked to perform a submaximal contraction against the evaluator's hand before the test and the measurements will be taught. The "break test" technique, which requires isometric contraction, will be applied during the tests. During the break test, the person performing the test pushes the dynamometer towards the patient's extremity until the movement is released in the relevant joint in a way that can overcome the maximum muscle strength. Bilateral shoulder flexion, extension, internal rotation, and external rotation muscle strength and serratus anterior, middle, and lower trapezius will be measured and averaged in 3 repetitions and recorded in "kg". A 30-second rest will be given between measurements.

Changes in Shoulder Range of Motion during training season

时间窗: up to 32 weeks

Both shoulder joint flexion, extension, internal and external rotation normal joint movements will be measured and recorded in degrees with a digital goniometer.

Changes in Upper Extremity Functional Performance during training season

时间窗: up to 32 weeks

The closed kinetic chain upper extremity stabilization test, which is a dynamic test, is used to evaluate potential strength and muscular strength deficits, as well as proprioception and motor control. The test is performed in a modified push-up position with elbows straight and knees bent. When the test is started, they will be asked to raise one of their hands and touch the other hand, and the number of times the athletes touched their hands within 15 seconds will be recorded.

Assessment of Scapular Muscle Endurance

时间窗: up to 32 weeks

Muscle endurance will be assessed using the posterior shoulder endurance test. While the measurement is lying prone, participants will be asked to actively raise their arms to a horizontal position at an angle of 135 ('Y' position). A movable clamp to be placed on a vertically oriented metal bar will be set to mark the point where the radial direction of the wrist contacts the horizontal bar. The swimmer will then lift a dumbbell of 1.0 or 1.5 kg (2% of body weight) and hold it at the final point and the holding time will be recorded with the stopwatch. The test will begin when the swimmer's wrist is in contact with the clamp and will be terminated if compensation occurs, such as loss of arm contact with the bar or trunk rotation.