Simultaneous PET-MRI for Comparison of Advanced DW-MRI Techniques and EF5-PET in the Detection of Hypoxia in Head and Neck Cancer

This is a non-randomized prospective study which aims to compare [18F]EF5 PET data and MR imaging data acquired with simultaneous PET/MR imaging. Hypoxic tumor tends to be more aggressive than its non-hypoxic counterpart since hypoxia promotes invasive tumor growth and metastatic spread of the disease. The detrimental effect of hypoxia on outcome of radiotherapy (RT) is especially important in head and neck cancer.

EF5 is a comprehensively studied hypoxia-avid compound, which is utilized in radiolabeled form in [18F]EF5 PET imaging detecting tumor hypoxia. IVIM (intra-voxel incoherent motion) is novel technique based on diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), which allows for the distinction between tissue perfusion and diffusion without the need for intravenous contrast agent. This study aims to investigate the potential of novel MRI techniques for tumor hypoxia assessment in HNC.

The specific aims of the current study are:

1. To characterize the voxel-level relationship between diffusion characteristics in tumor tissue, as measured with DW-MRI, and tumor hypoxia, as measured with [18F]EF5-PET, leveraging the state-of-the-art simultaneous MRI/PET measurement;
2. To employ IVIM-based modeling of DW-MRI signal using multiple b-values to optimize the diffusion metrics that most closely predict tumor hypoxia, and compare those with the perfusion metrics from DCE;
3. To develop models based on novel radiophenotypic analyses of MRI data (radiomics) and machine learning algorithms to find MRI patterns that best predict tumor hypoxia at the patient sample level.

The only intervention for participating subjects is an additional [18F]EF5-PET/MR scan, which is not used for any clinical purposes. All study subjects will undergo standard diagnostic and treatment procedures according to clinical routine.