A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effects of Isometric Neck Exercises and Postural Advice on Cervicogenic Headache Symptoms , Serum Cortisol, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Adolescents With Smartphone Addiction

Cervicogenic headache (CGH) is a secondary headache type caused due to refereed pain arising from the cervical spine in the forehead, sometimes in temporal region. Which may have great impact on our daily life activities; decreased range of motion at cervical spine, decreased sleep quality, increased stress, disturbed mood and altered physiologic chemicals. It is found to be more prevalent in females and is experimentally diagnosed by the Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test (CFRT) which is performed by a therapist. Also, the upper trapezius midpoint (2 cm lateral to C2) mostly acts as a pressure point. Other pressure points in cervical region may also develop. The pain is mostly on one side and remains on one side. It can be dull aching or pressure like pain. No photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, or tearing of eyes is associated with it.

In the modern age, smartphone addiction (SPA) contributes significantly to CGH by promoting forward head posture, rounded shoulders, and impaired proprioception. (4)Despite this, there is a clear gap in the literature regarding body awareness, ergonomics, and targeted prevention strategies for smartphone-related postural problems. There is an urgent need for structured training programs and therapeutic interventions to address these concerns, combined with long-term follow-up studies.

In this study, investigators focus on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a key biomarker of pain sensitization. Chronic stress and pain reduce neuronal BDNF uptake, decreasing the serum BDNF levels, while effective interventions are expected to elevate BDNF levels, improving motor performance and reducing nociceptive signaling. Literature shows that there is a significant increase in BDNF levels in moderate intensity aerobic exercise groups as compared to the control group. This study aims to improve BDNF levels through isometric targeted exercise and ultimately improve the synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial activity, increased beta-endorphins. An increase in body temperature through exercise will also reduce pain sensitization and improve function.

In this study, we also target stress levels by focusing on cortisol as a biomarker. As the physiological and psychological stress is increased due to prolonged flexion and increased screen tim,e sleep quality is also disturbed. We aim to evaluate whether targeted isometric neck exercises can enhance BDNF levels, regulate cortisol as a stress marker, and ultimately improve CGH symptoms. As we know that high stress elevates cortisol and disrupts the HPA axis, This study was having hypothesis that exercise-induced adaptations will downregulate the HPA axis, decrease cortisol, restore neuronal health, and enhance cognitive and motor functions and we also address how poor sleep, exacerbated by excessive screen time, contributes to cognitive, memory, and metabolic issues. By investigating the effects of exercise on sleep quality, our study fills a crucial research gap linking SPA, stress, BDNF, cortisol, and CGH offering a novel therapeutic approach that combines patient education, circadian rhythm alignment, and structured isometric exercise to improve health outcomes in adolescents.