Telerehabilitation of Working Memory in Children With Periventricular Leukomalacia and Bilateral Cerebral Palsy, a Neuropsychological and Electrophysiological (High-density EEG) Study

The procedures implemented to register patients data will include the following steps:

• The quality assurance plan will provide: - to verify that all clinical fields, necessary to include and select patients, are available in the registry (e.g. type of cerebral palsy; MRI documentation, age); - to monitor that patients' contact information are available as well as testing materials and software; - to set team meetings to uniform recruitment procedure, data collection and registration.
• Data checks will be conducted by two or more researches from the team;
• Source data verification: both paper and electronic case report forms will be used and mutually checked.
• Data dictionary: Pre-post measures will be chosen by the team and described in a report form together with references and normative data.
• Procedure Standardization to address registry operations: Researches will co-work in patient recruitment and will attribute an identification number to each patient enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria evaluated by the neuropsychiatric team and described below. All researchers will be trained to register data in an internal database and to note the presence of adverse events. The researcher providing the training will assure comprehension and subscription of the written consent. Consent form will be discussed by the team in order to provide explicit and clear instructions on the training protocol to parents and patients.
• Calculation of sample size: Sample size, to specify the number of participants necessary to demonstrate the training effect, will be calculated from the training effect size between the Start index and the Max index provided by CogMed training. Based on a previous pilot study in our institute (effect size =.54) and on findings by Lundqvist and collaborators (2010) (effect size=.95), the effect size estimates for this study will be .60 and the sample size 20 children.
• Design: A stepped randomized clinical trial design will be chose to split the participants in two groups, matching for age and sex, in order to control test-retest effects. Both groups will receive neuropsychological and electrophysiological assessments at the same initial time point (T1). One group (Cluster B) will be start Cogmed training at home immediately after T1, while the second group (Cluster A) will start the training in the following time point (T2). When the training will be completed, both groups will be retested with neuropsychological and electrophysiological assessments (T2). After this time point, the Cluster A will start Cogmed training and will be re-tested with the same neuropsychological and the electrophysiological assessments at the finally time points (T3).
• The following time points will be provided:

Initial time point (T1) will correspond to pre-training assessment for both Clusters; Second time point (T2) will be provided after 6 or 7 weeks from T1 and will coincide with post-training assessment for the Cluster B and an other pre-training assessment for the Cluster A; Finally time point (T3), after 6 or 7 weeks from T2, will constitute the post-training assessment for Cluster A.

• Intervention program: Cogmed Working MemoryTraining (RoboMemo®, CogMed-Cognitive Medical Systems, Stockholm, Sweden) is an online treatment comprising a number of visuo-spatial and verbal exercises that vary automatically depending on the individual child's performance in any given task. The training period is intensive and includes 25 home session for five weeks, 30-45 minutes each day. A Cogmed-trained coach monitors training progress and participants' commitment daily for all the training period, corresponding to time period T1-T2 for Cluster B and T2-T3 for Cluster A.
• Plan for Missing data: Unavailable or not interpretable (significantly out of range) pre-post training data (behavioural or neurophysiological) will be considered as missing. The patients who will not complete the training will be excluded from the analysis.
• Plan for Statistical analysis: Univariate and Multivariate statistical analysis will be performed to compare neuropsychological performance and electrophysiological patterns at the different time points . Correlational analysis will be also performed to study the association between neuropsychological and electrophysiological data.