Natural Experiments of the Impact of Population-Targeted Health Policies to Prevent Diabetes and Its Complications

The first aim is to evaluate the barriers and facilitators for the RE-AIM dimensions as related to the new CMS chronic care management code overall and within each of the health systems. The qualitative study will be used. Focus group interview will be conducted among patients, healthcare professionals and stakeholders. A variety of qualitative techniques will be used to collect data using key informant interviews among organization leaders of LaCDRN partners to assess the organizational cultures, their social architecture, resources, capacity, and communication networks. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews will be used to explore these domains, assess barriers, and refine the data collection for the assessing the RE-AIM framework. Further, semi-structured interviews will provide data to inform the refinement of study outcomes and ensure organizational, cultural, and health-literacy appropriateness. Focus groups will be audiotaped with the written consent of each participant, and each tape will be transcribed verbatim and transcripts will be reviewed and edited by the facilitators for accuracy. Inter-coder reliability will be examined. Interview transcripts will be imported into NVivo 10 software (QSR International, Burlington, MA). Codes and concepts identified in preliminary review will be refined, extended, and cross-referenced. Coded texts will be structured into taxonomies and transformed into a matrix format so that responses and concepts can be compared across respondent groups. Finally, taxonomies and matrices will be summarized by similarities and contrasts to form overarching themes and dimensions. We will use an iterative technique until theoretical saturation, the point at which no additional major themes emerge, is reached. Diabetes care coordination readiness assessment will be conducted with LaCDRN partner health system's medical directors (organizational).

The second one is the health and economic impacts of the NFFCCM to improve health outcomes: glycemic control, CVD risk reduction, medication adherence, patient-reported outcomes (PRO), and health care utilization. Data extraction from the REACHnet. De-identified data from EMR includes birth year, gender, race, state of residency, zip-codes, medical history, lab results and prescriptions. All data comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

This proposed research is significant because it is the first natural experiment to test an ongoing CMS reimbursement policy on diabetes care in Louisiana. The study questions and study outcomes will be patient-centered, and will generate urgently needed data on effective, practical, and sustainable population-targeted strategies aimed at reducing diabetes-related disease burden in Medicare-eligible populations. Further dissemination and scale-up efforts will create large return on multiple health systems and non-CMS populations.

PCORI Proposal COVID-19- Related Enhancement for Existing Research Aims:

Aim1: Examine facilitators and barriers to uptake, adoption, and implementation of telehealth services among Medicare patients with diabetes from health systems', providers' and patients' perspectives. With the substantial increase in telehealth encounters starting in early March 2020, we hypothesize disparities in adoption and implementation of telehealth at health system, provider and patient levels. For example, our current project has identified significant variations in NFFCCM implementation across three health systems in Louisiana. For the enhancement, we intend to examine variations in health systems' implementation of Medicare-reimbursable telehealth services, which may not mirror the variations we observed for NFFCCM given the dramatically different context of the current pandemic.