The Effect of White Cover and Massage Application on Bilirubin Level and Duration of Phototherapy in Newborns Undergoing Phototherapy

Hyperbilirubinemia is a common problem seen in the neonatal period, characterized by yellow staining of the skin and sclera, causing an increase in total serum bilirubin >5 mg/dl. Neonatal jaundice is seen in 60% of term newborns and 80% of preterm newborns. Hyperbilirubinemia is usually physiological and disappears within a few days. Jaundice may worsen and lead to kernicterus (accumulation of bilirubin in some parts of the brain) or death if pathological hyperbilirubinemia occurs. Therefore, every baby with hyperbilirubinemia and high serum bilirubin levels requires serious attention and treatment. The primary treatment for neonatal jaundice is phototherapy. The effectiveness of phototherapy depends on the phototherapy light source, light intensity, distance between the phototherapy light and the newborn, and the body surface area exposed to the light. Phototherapy has potential side effects in newborns such as hyperthermia, dehydration, diarrhea, bronze baby syndrome, and skin burns. For this reason, the use of phototherapy should be minimized and solutions should be found to shorten the duration of phototherapy. To increase the effectiveness of phototherapy treatment, a reflector material can be added to the phototherapy. White fabric, which can be used as a reflector, can reflect scattered phototherapy light. When fabrics made of reflective materials are hung over the phototherapy device, they can capture the light that may scatter from the baby to the environment and reflect the light back to the baby. White fabric may increase irradiance and therefore lead to increased bilirubin conversion.Studies have reported that massage applied before phototherapy is effective in reducing the bilirubin level in babies with hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin is eliminated from the body through defecation. Removing bilirubin from the body reduces jaundice. Massage reduces bilirubin levels by increasing the frequency of bowel movements in newborn babies.