The Effects of Spinal Mobilization Added to an Exercise Program on Pain and Physical Fitness in Recreational Tennis Players With Mechanical

Design: Prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled, two-arm parallel-group superiority trial. Eligible adults aged 18-45 years (BMI 18-30 kg/m²) who were recreational tennis players (playing tennis at least twice weekly, ≥2 hours/week) and presented with mechanical neck pain (>1 week duration, VAS > 4, reduced cervical range of motion confirmed by the cervical flexion-rotation test, and tenderness on external pressure over at least one cervical joint) were enrolled after providing written informed consent. Participants were allocated 1:1 to one of two groups using simple randomization with sealed opaque envelopes. The outcome assessor was blinded to group allocation (single-blind, assessor masking).

Interventions: Both groups completed an identical structured home exercise program lasting three weeks (21 daily sessions). The program comprised stretching of the upper trapezius, right and left levator scapulae, hamstring, and lumbar extensor muscles (30-second holds, 5 repetitions, 3 sets), isometric resistance exercises for cervical flexion, extension, and right and left lateral flexion (10-second holds with 10-second rests, 5 repetitions, 3 sets), the chin-tuck exercise (10-second holds, 5 repetitions, 3 sets), and the cat-camel exercise (10-second holds in each position, 5 repetitions, 3 sets). Written instructions illustrated by figures were provided to ensure correct execution and adherence. The Experimental Group received the same home program plus a Maitland-concept spinal mobilization protocol delivered by a physiotherapist over four supervised sessions (one at baseline and one per week, total of four sessions across three weeks). Cervical mobilization was applied with the participant prone, the therapist standing at the head, and bilateral thumb pressure applied over the facet joint or spinous process of the targeted hypomobile vertebra; grades I-II were used when pain preceded the motion limit and grades III-IV when the motion limit preceded pain, with oscillations at 2-3 Hz performed for approximately 30 seconds per bout, 3-4 bouts per segment, with 1-minute rest between bouts. Upper thoracic mobilization aimed to increase upper-thoracic extension, applying the same dosage as the cervical mobilization, performed with anterior-to-posterior pressure on the transverse processes of the targeted segments.

Assessments: Pre-intervention (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 3) measurements were performed in a fixed order with rest intervals. Pain intensity was assessed using a 10 cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain during physical activity, at rest, and during sleep. Cervical active range of motion (flexion, extension, right and left lateral flexion, right and left rotation) was measured with a Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) device with the participant in upright sitting (three measurements per direction, recorded in degrees). Isometric neck muscle strength for flexion, extension, and bilateral lateral flexion was measured using a handheld dynamometer (JTECH Medical Commander Echo MMT) with the participant seated; the maximum of three 3-second contractions was averaged and recorded in kilograms-force. Hand grip strength (hydraulic hand dynamometer) and pinch grip strength (pinch meter) were measured bilaterally in standardized seated posture with elbow at 90° flexion (mean of three trials, kilograms). Reaction time was assessed bilaterally using the Ruler Drop Test with a 60 cm ruler. Vertical jump height was measured using the validated My Jump Lab smartphone application (iPhone 15 Pro Max on a tripod 20 cm above the floor), with three trials and the highest, lowest, and mean values recorded. Flexibility was measured by the sit-and-reach test (three trials, recorded in centimeters).