The Effects of Prolonged Head-Down Tilt Lithotomy Position on Lower Limb Haemodynamics in Adults Undergoing Minimally Invasive Abdominopelvic Surgery: An Intraoperative Observational Study

The development of lower limb compartment syndrome in the absence of trauma (known as well-leg compartment syndrome, WLCS) is a severe complication reported during prolonged pelvic surgery. WLCS is characterised by muscular ischaemia and secondary necrosis from the increase in hydrostatic pressure in a closed fascial compartment.

The aetiology of WLCS appears to be primarily related to ischaemia of the lower limbs after a prolonged period in the head-down tilt lithotomy (HDTL) position, which is commonly used to access the pelvis and perineum during urological, colorectal, and gynaecological surgery. Elevation of the lower limbs above the heart results in a ~2 mmHg drop in mean arterial pressure at the mid-calf for every 2.5 cm that the limbs are raised. These hemodynamic changes are accompanied by an increase in compartment pressures associated with limb elevation and are further exacerbated by a steep (>15°) head-down tilt. The outcome of these changes ultimately leads to the development of significant and (often unrecognised) intraoperative ischemia in the lower limbs.

Prolonged reductions in lower limb perfusion during HDTL can cause the development of localised tissue oedema, leading to marked intracompartmental hypertension, which is further exacerbated once the limbs are lowered and reperfusion of ischemic muscle occurs. This is a consequence known as ischaemic-reperfusion injury (IRI), a phenomenon where reperfusion per se may result in a local and systemic inflammatory response that may augment tissue injury in excess of that produced by ischaemia alone.

Microvascular injury is considered one of the major determinants of IRI, particularly due to increased permeability of capillaries and arterioles that lead to an increase in diffusion and fluid filtration across the tissues. Subsequently, activated endothelial cells produce more reactive oxygen species and less nitric oxide, and this imbalance results in a corresponding inflammatory response and increased oxidative stress, which if sufficiently severe lead to further lower limb muscle and nerve injury.

The incidence of WLCS is unpredictable and as the individual is anaesthetised, the diagnosis is delayed in many cases, so the residual motor-sensory deficit may be severe, even after fasciotomy. Although there are many published case reports of this condition, it is likely that many cases of WLCS go unreported, and some may be mild and escape clinical detection. However, in cases that have been reported, the incidence of permanent disability after the development of WLCS ranges from ≈30% to ≈100%.