Effect of Brain Training Through Visual Mirror Feedback, Action Observation Training and Motor Imagery on Orofacial Sensorimotor Variables in Asymptomatic Subjects: A Single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Lingual muscle endurance

时间窗: Change from baseline and immediately post-intervention

Lingual muscle endurance was assessed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) (Adams et al. 2015). The measurement of muscular endurance was carried out by placing a plastic bulb with oblong air content on the hard palate, posterior to the central incisor teeth. The participants were asked to elevate the lingual (through anterior and posterior lingual region) to press the instrument with the maximum possible force for 3 seconds, while monitoring the force exerted, quantified in Newtons. Adams et al. (2015) found moderate to strong reliability for anterior (ICC: 0.58-0.77) and posterior (ICC 0.77-0.84) tongue strength.

Pain pressure thresholds (PPTs)

时间窗: Change from baseline and immediately post-intervention

PPT is defined as the minimal amount of pressure where a sense of pressure first changes to pain. The mechanical pressure algometer (Force Ten TM FDX Digital Force Gage) used in this study consisted of a round rubber disk (area, 1 cm2) attached to a pressure (force) gauge. The gauge displays values in kilograms but, because the surface of the rubber tip is 1 cm2, the readings are expressed in kg/cm2. The range of values of the pressure algometer is 0 to 10 kg, with 0.1-kg divisions. The pressure was applied at a rate of 0.31 kg/second (Chesterton et al. 2007). Chesterton et al. (2007) have shown that the reliability of pressure algometry is as high as \[ICC=0.91 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.82-0.97)\].