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Pidolic acid is a naturally occurring but little-studied amino acid derivative that can be formed enzymatically or non-enzymatically and participates as a biological intermediate with unique pharmacodynamics in various chemical pathways . Elevations of the acid in blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism . Pidolic acid, in general, is found in large quantities in brain tissue and other tissues in bound form, like skin . There are currently little to no medicines available that are clinically approved or marketed for employing pidolic acid as an active ingredient for any particular formal indication. Although pidolic acid is included in some over-the-counter, non-prescription dietary supplements for the proposed purpose of facilitating cognitive or memory enhancement, most available research suggest exercising caution in their recommendation as much more research is necessary .
Pidolic acid is a naturally occurring but little-studied amino acid derivative that can be formed enzymatically or non-enzymatically and participates as a biological intermediate with unique pharmacodynamics in various chemical pathways . Elevations of the acid in blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism . Pidolic acid, in general, is found in large quantities in brain tissue and other tissues in bound form, like skin . There are currently little to no medicines available that are clinically approved or marketed for employing pidolic acid as an active ingredient for any particular formal indication. Although pidolic acid is included in some over-the-counter, non-prescription dietary supplements for the proposed purpose of facilitating cognitive or memory enhancement, most available research suggest exercising caution in their recommendation as much more research is necessary .
Pidolic acid is an endogenous amino acid derivative where the free amino group of glutamic acid or glutamine cyclizes to generate a lactam . Subsequently it is also a metabolite in the glutathione cycle that is converted to glutamate by the enzyme 5-oxoprolinase . Moreover, N-terminal glutamic acid and glutamine residues can either spontaneously cyclize to become pidolic acid, or be enzymatically transformed by glutaminyl cyclases . In particular, this is ultimately a form of N-termini that is a challenge for N-terminal sequencing using Edman chemistry, which necessitates a free primary amino group that is not present in pidolic acid . Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase can restore a free N-terminus by cleaving off the pyroglutamate residue, however . Additionally, pidolic acid and certain pidolic acid salts like calcium, magnesium, and potassium pidolic acid are sometimes used as skin or hair conditioning agents because of their humectant effects . In such humectant formulations, hydrophilic amine, hydroxyl, or even carboxyl groups possess high affinities for forming hydrogen bonds with molecules of water, allowing the hygroscopic formulations to attract and retain moisture in the air nearby through absorption, therefore drawing the water vapor into the formulation.
There is currently no clinically approved and/or marketed medicine that relies upon pidolic acid as an active ingredient for any formal therapeutic indication. Although pidolic acid may be sold in a variety of non-prescription, over-the-counter dietary supplement products for cognitive or memory enhancement, there are many studies that suggest that such products or such supplementation do not elicit any kind of cognitive benefit to users . In fact, the general suggestion for any such pidolic acid product is to exercise caution in their recommendation as much more research is necessary . Pidolic acid and sodium pidolic acid are, however, used to some extent in skin and hair conditioning agents owing to their humectant characteristics .
