- Approval Id
- 0995ceade4c06196
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Vancomycin 250 mg hard capsules
- Drug Name
- Vancomycin 250 mg hard capsules
- Company Name
- Strides Pharma UK Ltd
- Company Address
- Unit 4, Metro Centre, Tolpits Lane, Watford, Hertfordshire, UK
- Company Website
- //www.stridespharma.co.uk
- Company Telephone
- +44 1923 255580
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 8000 988 048
- Company Medical Info Email
- drugsafety@strides.com
- Atc Code
- A07AA09
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Strides Pharma UK Ltd
Unit 4, Metro Centre,
Tolpits Lane, Watford,
Hertfordshire WD18 9SS
United Kingdom
- Authorisation Number
- PL 13606/0197
- Authorisation Date
- 03/12/2014
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Strides Pharma UK Ltd
Unit 4, Metro Centre,
Tolpits Lane, Watford,
Hertfordshire WD18 9SS
United Kingdom
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PL 13606/0197
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 03/12/2014
- Instruction Composition
- Each capsule contains 250 mg vancomycin hydrochloride equivalent to 250,000IU vancomycin.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Capsule, hard
Brown 21.4 ± 0.40 mm hard capsule, containing white to off white congealed liquid mixture as solid mass.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Vancomycin capsules are indicated in patients 12 years and older for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) (see sections 4.2, 4.4 and 5.1).
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
\*Adults and adolescents aged 12 to less than 18 years old\*
The recommended vancomycin dose is 125 mg every 6 hours for 10 days for the first episode of non-severe CDI. This dose can be increased to 500 mg every 6 hours for 10 days in case of severe or complicated disease. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 2 g.
In patients with multiple recurrences, consideration may be given to treat the current episode of CDI with vancomycin, 125 mg four times daily for 10 days followed by either tapering the dose, i.e., gradually decreasing it until 125 mg per day or a pulse regimen, i.e., 125–500 mg/day every 2–3 days for at least 3 weeks.
Treatment duration with vancomycin may need to be tailored to the clinical course of individual patients. Whenever possible the antibacterial suspected to have caused CDI should be discontinued. Adequate replacement of fluid and electrolytes should be instituted.
Monitoring vancomycin serum concentrations after oral administration in patients with inflammatory intestinal disorders should be performed (see section 4.4).
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Renal impairment\*
Due to the very low systemic absorption, dose adjustment is unlikely, unless substantial oral absorption may occur in case of inflammatory intestinal disorders or \*Clostridium difficile\*-induced pseudomembranous colitis (see section 4.4).
\*Paediatric population\*
Vancomycin capsules are not appropriate for the treatment of children under the age of 12 years or for adolescents unable to swallow them. Below 12 years, age-appropriate formulation should be used.
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
For oral use.
The capsule should not be open and should be taken with plenty of water.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients (see section 6.1).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*\*Oral Use Only\*\*
This preparation is for oral use only and is not systemically absorbed. Orally administered Vancomycin capsules are not effective for other types of infections.
\*\*Potential for Systemic Absorption\*\*
Absorption may be enhanced in patients with inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa or \*Clostridium difficile\*-induced pseudomembranous colitis. These patients may be at risk for the development of adverse reactions, especially if there is a concomitant renal impairment. The greater the renal impairment, the greater the risk of developing the adverse reactions associated with the parenteral administration of vancomycin. Monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations of patients with inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa should be performed.
\*\*Nephrotoxicity\*\*
Serial monitoring of renal function should be performed when treating patients with underlying renal dysfunction or patients receiving concomitant therapy with an aminoglycoside or other nephrotoxic drugs.
\*\*Ototoxicity\*\*
Serial tests of auditory function may be helpful in order to minimise the risk of ototoxicity in patients with an underlying hearing loss, or who are receiving concomitant therapy with an ototoxic agent such as an aminoglycoside.
\*\*\*\*Drug interactions with anti-motility agents and proton pump inhibitors\*\*\*\*
Anti-motility agents should be avoided and proton pump inhibitor use should be reconsidered.
\*\*Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria\*\*
Prolonged use of vancomycin may result in the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. Careful observation of the patient is essential. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
\*\*Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs)\*\*
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), which can be life-threatening or fatal, have been reported in association with vancomycin treatment (see section 4.8). Most of these reactions occurred within a few days and up to eight weeks after commencing treatment with vancomycin.
At the time of prescription patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms and monitored closely for skin reactions. If signs and symptoms suggestive of these reactions appear, vancomycin should be withdrawn immediately and an alternative treatment considered. If the patient has developed a SCAR with the use of vancomycin, treatment with vancomycin must not be restarted at any time.s4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Concurrent and/or sequential systemic or topical use of other potentially ototoxic and/or nephrotoxic drugs requires careful monitoring.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
Teratology studies have been performed at 5 times the human dose in rats and 3 times the human dose in rabbits, and have revealed no evidence of harm to the foetus due to vancomycin.
In a controlled clinical study, the potential ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects of vancomycin hydrochloride on infants were evaluated when the drug was administered to pregnant women for serious staphylococcal infections complicating intravenous drug abuse. Vancomycin hydrochloride was found in cord blood.
No sensorineural hearing loss or nephrotoxicity attributable to vancomycin was noted. Vancomycin was administered only in the second and third trimesters; hence it is not known whether it causes foetal harm.
Consequently, vancomycin should only be given in pregnancy if clearly needed and after a careful benefit-risk assessment.
\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*
Vancomycin is secreted in breast milk and should therefore only be used during breast-feeding if other antibiotics have failed. In breast-fed infants, disorders of the intestinal flora with diarrhoea, fungus infection and possibly sensitisation may occur. It is recommended to stop breast-feeding during vancomycin treatment. Risks of systemic effects in premature and young neonates exposed to vancomycin in breast milk cannot be excluded due to relatively high intestinal permeability and immature elimination functions of these infants.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
Animal studies regarding effects on fertility are not available.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Vancomycin has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Summary of the Safety profile\*\*
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) have been reported in association with vancomycin treatment (see section 4.4).
The absorption of vancomycin from the gastrointestinal tract is negligible. However, in severe inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, especially in combination with renal insufficiency, side effects that occur when vancomycin is administered parenterally may appear. Therefore, the below mentioned adverse reactions and frequencies related to parenteral vancomycin administration are included.
When vancomycin is administered parenterally, the most common adverse reactions are phlebitis, pseudo-allergic reactions and flushing of the upper body (“red-neck syndrome”) in connection with too rapid intravenous infusion of vancomycin.
\*\*Tabulated List of Adverse reactions\*\*
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
The adverse reactions listed below are defined using the following MedDRA convention and system organ class database:
Very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* | |
| \*\*Frequency\*\* | \*\*Adverse reaction\*\* |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders:\*\* | |
| Rare | Reversible neutropenia1, agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia. |
| \*\*Immune system disorders:\*\* | |
| Rare | Hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactic reactions2 |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders:\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Transient or permanent loss of hearing4 |
| Rare | Vertigo, dizziness, tinnitus3 |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders:\*\* | |
| Very rare | Cardiac arrest |
| \*\*Vascular disorders:\*\* | |
| Common | Decrease in blood pressure |
| Rare | Vasculitis |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:\*\* | |
| Common | Dyspnoea, stridor |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders:\*\* | |
| Rare | Nausea |
| Very rare | Pseudomembranous enterocolitis |
| Not known | Vomiting, Diarrhoea |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:\*\* | |
| Common | Flushing of the upper body (“red man syndrome”), exanthema, and mucosal inflammation, pruritus, urticaria |
| Very rare | Exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Linear IgA bullous dermatosis |
| Not known | Eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome), AGEP (Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis) |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders:\*\* | |
| Common | Renal insufficiency manifested primarily by increased serum creatinine and serum urea |
| Rare | Interstitial nephritis Acute renal failure |
| Not known | Acute tubular necrosis |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions:\*\* | |
| Common | Phlebitis, redness of the upper body and face. |
| Rare | Drug fever, shivering, Pain, and muscle spasm of the chest and back muscles |
\*\*Description of selected adverse drug reactions\*\*
1Reversible neutropenia usually starting one week or more after onset of intravenous therapy or after total dose of more than 25 g.
2Intravenous vancomycin should be infused slowly. During or shortly after rapid infusion anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions including wheezing may occur. The reactions abate when administration is stopped, generally between 20 minutes and 2 hours. Necrosis may occur after intramuscular injection.
3Tinnitus, possibly preceding onset of deafness, should be regarded as an indication to discontinue treatment.
4Ototoxicity has primarily been reported in patients given high doses, or in those on concomitant treatment with other ototoxic medicinal product like aminoglycoside, or in those who had a pre-existing reduction in kidney function or hearing.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system, Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
\*\*Treatment of overdose\*\*
Supportive care is advised, with maintenance of glomerular filtration. Vancomycin is poorly removed by dialysis. Haemofiltration and haemoperfusion with Amberlite resin XAD-4 have been reported to be of limited benefit.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
\*\*Pharmacotherapeutic group\*\*
Glycopeptide antibacterials, ATC code: A07AA09
\*\*Mechanism of action\*\*
Vancomycin is a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall in sensitive bacteria by binding with high affinity to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursor units. The drug is bactericidal for dividing microorganisms. In addition, it impairs the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane and RNA synthesis. The drug is bactericidal for dividing microorganisms.
\*\*Mechanism of resistance\*\*
Acquired resistance to glycopeptides is most common in enterococci and is based on acquisition of various van gene complexes which modifies the D-alanyl-D-alanine target to D-alanyl-D-lactate or Dalanyl-D-serine which bind vancomycin poorly. In some countries, increasing cases of resistance are observed particularly in enterococci; multi-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium are especially alarming.
Van genes have rarely been found in \*Staphylococcus aureus\*, where changes in cell wall structure result in “intermediate” susceptibility, which is most commonly heterogeneous. Also, methicillin-resistant \*staphylococcus\* strains (MRSA) with reduced susceptibility for vancomycin were reported. The reduced susceptibility or resistance to vancomycin in \*Staphylococcus\* is not well understood. Several genetic elements and multiple mutations are required.
There is no cross-resistance between vancomycin and other classes of antibiotics. Cross-resistance with other glycopeptide antibiotics, such as teicoplanin, does occur. Secondary development of resistance during therapy is rare.
\*\*Susceptibility testing breakpoints\*\*
The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable. This information only provides approximate guidance on the chance whether micro-organisms are susceptible to vancomycin.
Minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoints established by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) are as follows:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*Clostridium difficile\*1 | \*\*Susceptible\*\* ≤ 2 mg/L | \*\*Resistant\*\* > 2 mg/L |
1 The breakpoints are based on epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs), which distinguish wild-type isolates from those with reduced susceptibility.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*Absorption\*\*
Vancomycin is not usually absorbed into the blood after oral administration. However, absorption may be enhanced in patients with inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa or with \*Clostridium difficile\*-induced pseudomembranous colitis. This may lead to vancomycin accumulation in patients with co-existing renal impairment.
\*\*Elimination\*\*
An oral dose is excreted almost exclusively in the faeces. During multiple dosing of 250 mg every 8 hours for 7 doses, faecal concentrations of vancomycin, in volunteers, exceeded 100 mg/kg in the majority of samples. No blood concentrations were detected and urinary recovery did not exceed 0.76%.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology and repeated dose toxicity.
Limited data on mutagenic effects show negative results; long-term studies in animals regarding a carcinogenic potential are not available. In teratogenicity studies, where rats and rabbits received doses approximately corresponding to the human dose based on body surface (mg/m2), no direct or indirect teratogenic effects were observed.
Animal studies of the use during the perinatal/postnatal period and regarding effects on fertility are not available.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
\*\*Capsule content:\*\*
Polyethylene glycol (Macrogol) 6000
\*\*Capsule cap and body:\*\*
Gelatin
Colorants:
Iron oxide Yellow (E172)
Iron oxide Red (E172)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Iron Oxide Black (E172)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
24 months.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25° C.6.5 Nature and contents of container
AL-PVC/PE/Aclar blister packs of 4 capsules or 12 capsules or 20 capsules or 28 capsules or 30 capsules. Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
No special requirements for disposal.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each capsule contains 250 mg vancomycin hydrochloride equivalent to 250,000IU vancomycin.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Capsule, hard
Brown 21.4 ± 0.40 mm hard capsule, containing white to off white congealed liquid mixture as solid mass.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Vancomycin capsules are indicated in patients 12 years and older for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) (see sections 4.2, 4.4 and 5.1).
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
\*Adults and adolescents aged 12 to less than 18 years old\*
The recommended vancomycin dose is 125 mg every 6 hours for 10 days for the first episode of non-severe CDI. This dose can be increased to 500 mg every 6 hours for 10 days in case of severe or complicated disease. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 2 g.
In patients with multiple recurrences, consideration may be given to treat the current episode of CDI with vancomycin, 125 mg four times daily for 10 days followed by either tapering the dose, i.e., gradually decreasing it until 125 mg per day or a pulse regimen, i.e., 125–500 mg/day every 2–3 days for at least 3 weeks.
Treatment duration with vancomycin may need to be tailored to the clinical course of individual patients. Whenever possible the antibacterial suspected to have caused CDI should be discontinued. Adequate replacement of fluid and electrolytes should be instituted.
Monitoring vancomycin serum concentrations after oral administration in patients with inflammatory intestinal disorders should be performed (see section 4.4).
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Renal impairment\*
Due to the very low systemic absorption, dose adjustment is unlikely, unless substantial oral absorption may occur in case of inflammatory intestinal disorders or \*Clostridium difficile\*-induced pseudomembranous colitis (see section 4.4).
\*Paediatric population\*
Vancomycin capsules are not appropriate for the treatment of children under the age of 12 years or for adolescents unable to swallow them. Below 12 years, age-appropriate formulation should be used.
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
For oral use.
The capsule should not be open and should be taken with plenty of water.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients (see section 6.1).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*\*Oral Use Only\*\*
This preparation is for oral use only and is not systemically absorbed. Orally administered Vancomycin capsules are not effective for other types of infections.
\*\*Potential for Systemic Absorption\*\*
Absorption may be enhanced in patients with inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa or \*Clostridium difficile\*-induced pseudomembranous colitis. These patients may be at risk for the development of adverse reactions, especially if there is a concomitant renal impairment. The greater the renal impairment, the greater the risk of developing the adverse reactions associated with the parenteral administration of vancomycin. Monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations of patients with inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa should be performed.
\*\*Nephrotoxicity\*\*
Serial monitoring of renal function should be performed when treating patients with underlying renal dysfunction or patients receiving concomitant therapy with an aminoglycoside or other nephrotoxic drugs.
\*\*Ototoxicity\*\*
Serial tests of auditory function may be helpful in order to minimise the risk of ototoxicity in patients with an underlying hearing loss, or who are receiving concomitant therapy with an ototoxic agent such as an aminoglycoside.
\*\*\*\*Drug interactions with anti-motility agents and proton pump inhibitors\*\*\*\*
Anti-motility agents should be avoided and proton pump inhibitor use should be reconsidered.
\*\*Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria\*\*
Prolonged use of vancomycin may result in the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. Careful observation of the patient is essential. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
\*\*Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs)\*\*
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), which can be life-threatening or fatal, have been reported in association with vancomycin treatment (see section 4.8). Most of these reactions occurred within a few days and up to eight weeks after commencing treatment with vancomycin.
At the time of prescription patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms and monitored closely for skin reactions. If signs and symptoms suggestive of these reactions appear, vancomycin should be withdrawn immediately and an alternative treatment considered. If the patient has developed a SCAR with the use of vancomycin, treatment with vancomycin must not be restarted at any time.s4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Concurrent and/or sequential systemic or topical use of other potentially ototoxic and/or nephrotoxic drugs requires careful monitoring.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
Teratology studies have been performed at 5 times the human dose in rats and 3 times the human dose in rabbits, and have revealed no evidence of harm to the foetus due to vancomycin.
In a controlled clinical study, the potential ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects of vancomycin hydrochloride on infants were evaluated when the drug was administered to pregnant women for serious staphylococcal infections complicating intravenous drug abuse. Vancomycin hydrochloride was found in cord blood.
No sensorineural hearing loss or nephrotoxicity attributable to vancomycin was noted. Vancomycin was administered only in the second and third trimesters; hence it is not known whether it causes foetal harm.
Consequently, vancomycin should only be given in pregnancy if clearly needed and after a careful benefit-risk assessment.
\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*
Vancomycin is secreted in breast milk and should therefore only be used during breast-feeding if other antibiotics have failed. In breast-fed infants, disorders of the intestinal flora with diarrhoea, fungus infection and possibly sensitisation may occur. It is recommended to stop breast-feeding during vancomycin treatment. Risks of systemic effects in premature and young neonates exposed to vancomycin in breast milk cannot be excluded due to relatively high intestinal permeability and immature elimination functions of these infants.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
Animal studies regarding effects on fertility are not available.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Vancomycin has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Summary of the Safety profile\*\*
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) have been reported in association with vancomycin treatment (see section 4.4).
The absorption of vancomycin from the gastrointestinal tract is negligible. However, in severe inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, especially in combination with renal insufficiency, side effects that occur when vancomycin is administered parenterally may appear. Therefore, the below mentioned adverse reactions and frequencies related to parenteral vancomycin administration are included.
When vancomycin is administered parenterally, the most common adverse reactions are phlebitis, pseudo-allergic reactions and flushing of the upper body (“red-neck syndrome”) in connection with too rapid intravenous infusion of vancomycin.
\*\*Tabulated List of Adverse reactions\*\*
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
The adverse reactions listed below are defined using the following MedDRA convention and system organ class database:
Very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* | |
| \*\*Frequency\*\* | \*\*Adverse reaction\*\* |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders:\*\* | |
| Rare | Reversible neutropenia1, agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia. |
| \*\*Immune system disorders:\*\* | |
| Rare | Hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactic reactions2 |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders:\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Transient or permanent loss of hearing4 |
| Rare | Vertigo, dizziness, tinnitus3 |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders:\*\* | |
| Very rare | Cardiac arrest |
| \*\*Vascular disorders:\*\* | |
| Common | Decrease in blood pressure |
| Rare | Vasculitis |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:\*\* | |
| Common | Dyspnoea, stridor |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders:\*\* | |
| Rare | Nausea |
| Very rare | Pseudomembranous enterocolitis |
| Not known | Vomiting, Diarrhoea |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:\*\* | |
| Common | Flushing of the upper body (“red man syndrome”), exanthema, and mucosal inflammation, pruritus, urticaria |
| Very rare | Exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Linear IgA bullous dermatosis |
| Not known | Eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome), AGEP (Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis) |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders:\*\* | |
| Common | Renal insufficiency manifested primarily by increased serum creatinine and serum urea |
| Rare | Interstitial nephritis Acute renal failure |
| Not known | Acute tubular necrosis |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions:\*\* | |
| Common | Phlebitis, redness of the upper body and face. |
| Rare | Drug fever, shivering, Pain, and muscle spasm of the chest and back muscles |
\*\*Description of selected adverse drug reactions\*\*
1Reversible neutropenia usually starting one week or more after onset of intravenous therapy or after total dose of more than 25 g.
2Intravenous vancomycin should be infused slowly. During or shortly after rapid infusion anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions including wheezing may occur. The reactions abate when administration is stopped, generally between 20 minutes and 2 hours. Necrosis may occur after intramuscular injection.
3Tinnitus, possibly preceding onset of deafness, should be regarded as an indication to discontinue treatment.
4Ototoxicity has primarily been reported in patients given high doses, or in those on concomitant treatment with other ototoxic medicinal product like aminoglycoside, or in those who had a pre-existing reduction in kidney function or hearing.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system, Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
\*\*Treatment of overdose\*\*
Supportive care is advised, with maintenance of glomerular filtration. Vancomycin is poorly removed by dialysis. Haemofiltration and haemoperfusion with Amberlite resin XAD-4 have been reported to be of limited benefit.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
\*\*Pharmacotherapeutic group\*\*
Glycopeptide antibacterials, ATC code: A07AA09
\*\*Mechanism of action\*\*
Vancomycin is a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall in sensitive bacteria by binding with high affinity to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursor units. The drug is bactericidal for dividing microorganisms. In addition, it impairs the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane and RNA synthesis. The drug is bactericidal for dividing microorganisms.
\*\*Mechanism of resistance\*\*
Acquired resistance to glycopeptides is most common in enterococci and is based on acquisition of various van gene complexes which modifies the D-alanyl-D-alanine target to D-alanyl-D-lactate or Dalanyl-D-serine which bind vancomycin poorly. In some countries, increasing cases of resistance are observed particularly in enterococci; multi-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium are especially alarming.
Van genes have rarely been found in \*Staphylococcus aureus\*, where changes in cell wall structure result in “intermediate” susceptibility, which is most commonly heterogeneous. Also, methicillin-resistant \*staphylococcus\* strains (MRSA) with reduced susceptibility for vancomycin were reported. The reduced susceptibility or resistance to vancomycin in \*Staphylococcus\* is not well understood. Several genetic elements and multiple mutations are required.
There is no cross-resistance between vancomycin and other classes of antibiotics. Cross-resistance with other glycopeptide antibiotics, such as teicoplanin, does occur. Secondary development of resistance during therapy is rare.
\*\*Susceptibility testing breakpoints\*\*
The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable. This information only provides approximate guidance on the chance whether micro-organisms are susceptible to vancomycin.
Minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoints established by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) are as follows:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*Clostridium difficile\*1 | \*\*Susceptible\*\* ≤ 2 mg/L | \*\*Resistant\*\* > 2 mg/L |
1 The breakpoints are based on epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs), which distinguish wild-type isolates from those with reduced susceptibility.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*Absorption\*\*
Vancomycin is not usually absorbed into the blood after oral administration. However, absorption may be enhanced in patients with inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa or with \*Clostridium difficile\*-induced pseudomembranous colitis. This may lead to vancomycin accumulation in patients with co-existing renal impairment.
\*\*Elimination\*\*
An oral dose is excreted almost exclusively in the faeces. During multiple dosing of 250 mg every 8 hours for 7 doses, faecal concentrations of vancomycin, in volunteers, exceeded 100 mg/kg in the majority of samples. No blood concentrations were detected and urinary recovery did not exceed 0.76%.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology and repeated dose toxicity.
Limited data on mutagenic effects show negative results; long-term studies in animals regarding a carcinogenic potential are not available. In teratogenicity studies, where rats and rabbits received doses approximately corresponding to the human dose based on body surface (mg/m2), no direct or indirect teratogenic effects were observed.
Animal studies of the use during the perinatal/postnatal period and regarding effects on fertility are not available.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
\*\*Capsule content:\*\*
Polyethylene glycol (Macrogol) 6000
\*\*Capsule cap and body:\*\*
Gelatin
Colorants:
Iron oxide Yellow (E172)
Iron oxide Red (E172)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Iron Oxide Black (E172)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
24 months.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25° C.6.5 Nature and contents of container
AL-PVC/PE/Aclar blister packs of 4 capsules or 12 capsules or 20 capsules or 28 capsules or 30 capsules. Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
No special requirements for disposal.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
