- Approval Id
- 33b33e0c12ff8289
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Pyrocalm Control 20mg Gastro-Resistant Tablets
- Drug Name
- Pyrocalm Control 20mg Gastro-Resistant Tablets
- Company Name
- Dexcel Pharma Ltd
- Company Address
- 7, Sopwith Way, Drayton Fields, Daventry, Northamptonshire, NN11 8PB, UK
- Company Website
- http://www.dexcelpharma.com
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)1327 312 266
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0) 1748 828 784
- Company Medical Info Email
- Dexcel@EU.ProPharmaGroup.com
- Atc Code
- A02BC01
- Legal Category
- General Sales List
- Authorisation Holder
- Dexcel® Pharma Ltd.
7 Sopwith Way
Drayton Fields
Daventry
Northamptonshire
NN11 8PB
UK
- Authorisation Number
- PL 14017/0277
- Authorisation Date
- 17/05/2007
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Dexcel® Pharma Ltd.
7 Sopwith Way
Drayton Fields
Daventry
Northamptonshire
NN11 8PB
UK
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PL 14017/0277
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 17/05/2007
- Instruction Composition
- Each gastro-resistant tablet contains 20 mg Omeprazole
\*\*Excipient(s) with known effect\*\*:
Each gastro-resistant tablet contains 203 mg lactose monohydrate
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Gastro-resistant tablets (tablets).
Omeprazole 20 mg gastro-resistant tablets are brownish-pink, capsule shaped film coated tablets.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Omeprazole gastro resistant tablets are indicated for the short-term treatment of reflux symptoms (e.g. heartburn, acid regurgitation) in adults.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology in adults\*\*
The recommended dose is 20 mg once daily for up to 14 days.
It might be necessary to take the tablets for 2-3 consecutive days to achieve improvement of symptoms.
The majority of patients achieve complete relief of heartburn within 7 days. Once complete relief of symptoms has occurred, treatment should be discontinued.
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Paediatric population\*
There is no relevant use of Omeprazole tablets in the paediatric population below 18 years of age for the indication of short-term treatment of reflux symptoms (e.g. heartburn, acid regurgitation).
\*Renal impairment\*
Dose adjustment is not needed in patients with impaired renal function (see section 5.2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Patients with impaired hepatic function should be advised by a doctor before taking Omeprazole tablets (see section 5.2).
\*Elderly\*
Dose adjustment is not needed in the elderly (see section 5.2).
\*\*Method of administration\*\*It is recommended to take Omeprazole tablets in the morning, swallowed whole with half a glass of water. The tablets must not be chewed or crushed.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, substituted benzimidazoles or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Omeprazole like other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) must not be used concomitantly with nelfinavir (see section 4.5).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
In the presence of any alarm symptom (e.g. significant unintentional weight loss, recurrent vomiting, dysphagia, haematemesis or melena) and when gastric ulcer is suspected or present, malignancy should be excluded, as treatment may alleviate symptoms and delay diagnosis.
Co-administration of atazanavir with proton pump inhibitors is not recommended (see section 4.5). If the combination of atazanavir with a proton pump inhibitor is judged unavoidable, close clinical monitoring (e.g virus load) is recommended in combination with an increase in the dose of atazanavir to 400 mg with 100 mg of ritonavir; omeprazole 20 mg should not be exceeded.
Omeprazole, as all acid-blocking medicines, may reduce the absorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) due to hypo- or achlorhydria. This should be considered in patients with reduced body stores or risk factors for reduced vitamin B12 absorption on long-term therapy.
Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 inhibitor. When starting or ending treatment with omeprazole, the potential for interactions with drugs metabolised through CYP2C19 should be considered. An interaction is observed between clopidogrel and omeprazole (see section 4.5). The clinical relevance of this interaction is uncertain. As a precaution, concomitant use of omeprazole and clopidogrel should be discouraged.
Severe hypomagnesaemia has been reported in patients treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole for at least three months, and in most cases for a year. Serious manifestations of hypomagnesaemia such as fatigue, tetany, delirium, convulsions, dizziness and ventricular arrhythmia can occur but they may begin insidiously and be overlooked. In most affected patients, hypomagnesaemia improved after magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.
For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with digoxin or drugs that may cause hypomagnesaemia (e.g., diuretics), healthcare professionals should consider measuring magnesium levels before starting PPI treatment and periodically during treatment.
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) , drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), which can be life-threatening or fatal, have been reported very rarely and rarely, respectively in association with omeprazole treatment.
Proton pump inhibitors, especially if used in high doses and over long durations (>1 year), may modestly increase the risk of hip, wrist and spine fracture, predominantly in the elderly or in presence of other recognised risk factors. Observational studies suggest that proton pump inhibitors may increase the overall risk of fracture by 10-40%. Some of this increase may be due to other risk factors. Patients at risk of osteoporosis should receive care according to current clinical guidelines and they should have an adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium.
\*Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)\*
Proton pump inhibitors are associated with very infrequent cases of SCLE. If lesions occur, especially in sun-exposed areas of the skin, and if accompanied by arthralgia, the patient should seek medical help promptly and the health care professional should consider stopping Omeprazole tablets. SCLE after previous treatment with a proton pump inhibitor may increase the risk of SCLE with other proton pump inhibitors.
\*Renal impairment\*
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) has been observed in patients taking omeprazole and may occur at any point during omeprazole therapy (see section 4.8). Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis can progress to renal failure.
Omeprazole should be discontinued in case of suspected TIN, and appropriate treatment should be promptly initiated.
\*Interference with laboratory tests\*
Increased Chromogranin A (CgA) level may interfere with investigations for neuroendocrine tumours. To avoid this interference, omeprazole treatment should be stopped for at least 5 days before CgA measurements (see section 5.1). If CgA and gastrin levels have not returned to reference range after initial measurement, measurements should be repeated 14 days after cessation of proton pump inhibitor treatment.
Omeprazole tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Treatment with proton pump inhibitors may lead to slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as \*Salmonella\* and \*Campylobacter\* and, in hospitalised patients, possibly also \*Clostridium difficile\* (see section 5.1).
As in all long-term treatments, especially when exceeding a treatment period of 1 year, patients should be kept under regular surveillance.
Patients with long-term recurrent symptoms of indigestion or heartburn should see their doctor at regular intervals. Especially, patients over 55 years taking any 'over-the-counter' (OTC, non-prescription) indigestion or heartburn remedy on a daily basis should inform their pharmacist or doctor.
Patients should be instructed to consult a doctor if:
• They have had previous gastric ulcer or gastrointestinal surgery.
• They are on continuous symptomatic treatment of indigestion or heartburn for 4 or more weeks.
• They have jaundice or severe liver disease.
• They are aged over 55 years with new or recently changed symptoms.
Patients should not take omeprazole as a preventative medication.
Patients should not take another PPI or H2 antagonist concomitantly
Patients should consult their doctor before taking this medicinal product if they are due to have an endoscopy or urea breath test.
Omeprazole tablets contain less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
\*\*Effects of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of other active substances\*\*
\*\*\*Active substances with pH dependent absorption\*\*\*
The decreased intragastric acidity during treatment with omeprazole might increase or decrease the absorption of active substances with a gastric pH dependent absorption.
\*Nelfinavir, atazanavir\*
The plasma levels of nelfinavir and atazanavir are decreased in case of co-administration with omeprazole.
Concomitant administration of omeprazole with nelfinavir is contraindicated (see section 4.3). Co-administration of omeprazole (40 mg once daily) reduced mean nelfinavir exposure by ca. 40% and the mean exposure of the pharmacologically active metabolite M8 was reduced by ca. 75 –90%. The interaction may also involve CYP2C19 inhibition.
Concomitant administration of omeprazole with atazanavir is not recommended (see section 4.4). Concomitant administration of omeprazole (40 mg once daily) and atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg to healthy volunteers resulted in a 75% decrease of the atazanavir exposure. Increasing the atazanavir dose to 400 mg did not compensate for the impact of omeprazole on atazanavir exposure. The co-administration of omeprazole (20 mg once daily) with atazanavir 400 mg/ritonavir 100 mg to healthy volunteers resulted in a decrease of approximately 30% in the atazanavir exposure as compared to atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg once daily.
\*Digoxin\*
Concomitant treatment with omeprazole (20 mg daily) and digoxin in healthy subjects increased the bioavailability of digoxin by 10%. Digoxin toxicity has been rarely reported. However caution should be exercised when omeprazole is given at high doses in elderly patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin should then be reinforced.
\*Clopidogrel\*
Results from studies in healthy subjects have shown a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) interaction between clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose/75 mg daily maintenance dose) and omeprazole (80 mg p.o. daily) resulting in a decreased exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel by an average of 46% and a decreased maximum inhibition of (ADP induced) platelet aggregation by an average of 16%.
Inconsistent data on the clinical implications of a PK/PD interaction of omeprazole in terms of major cardiovascular events have been reported from both observational and clinical studies. As a precaution, concomitant use of omeprazole and clopidogrel should be discouraged (see section 4.4).
\*Other active substances\*
The absorption of posaconazole, erlotinib, ketoconazole and itraconazole is significantly reduced and thus clinical efficacy may be impaired. For posaconazole and erlotinib concomitant use should be avoided.
\*\*\*Active substances metabolised by CYP2C19\*\*\*
Omeprazole is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C19, the major omeprazole metabolising enzyme. Thus, the metabolism of concomitant active substances also metabolised by CYP2C19, may be decreased and the systemic exposure to these substances increased. Examples of such drugs are R-warfarin and other vitamin K antagonists, cilostazol, diazepam and phenytoin.
\*Cilostazol\*
Omeprazole, given in doses of 40 mg to healthy subjects in a cross-over study, increased Cmax and AUC for cilostazol by 18% and 26% respectively, and one of its active metabolites by 29% and 69% respectively.
\*Phenytoin\*
Monitoring phenytoin plasma concentration is recommended during the first two weeks after initiating omeprazole treatment and, if a phenytoin dose adjustment is made, monitoring and a further dose adjustment should occur upon ending omeprazole treatment.
\*\*\*Unknown mechanism\*\*\*
\*Saquinavir\*
Concomitant administration of omeprazole with saquinavir/ritonavir resulted in increased plasma levels up to approximately 70% for saquinavir associated with good tolerability in HIV-infected patients.
\*Tacrolimus\*
Concomitant administration of omeprazole has been reported to increase the serum levels of tacrolimus. A reinforced monitoring of tacrolimus concentrations as well as renal function (creatinine clearance) should be performed, and dosage of tacrolimus adjusted if needed.
\*Methotrexate\*
When given together with proton-pump inhibitors, methotrexate levels have been reported to increase in some patients. In high-dose methotrexate administration a temporary withdrawal of omeprazole may need to be considered.
\*\*Effects of other active substances on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole\*\*
\*\*\*Inhibitors of CYP2C19 and/or CYP3A4\*\*\*
Since omeprazole is metabolised by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, active substances known to inhibit CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 (such as clarithromycin and voriconazole) may lead to increased omeprazole serum levels by decreasing omeprazole's rate of metabolism. Concomitant voriconazole treatment resulted in more than doubling of the omeprazole exposure. As high doses of omeprazole have been well-tolerated adjustment of the omeprazole dose is not generally required. However, dose adjustment should be considered in patients with severe hepatic impairment and if long-term treatment is indicated.
\*\*\*Inducers of CYP2C19 and/or CYP3A4\*\*\*
Active substances known to induce CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 or both (such as rifampicin and St John's wort) may lead to decreased omeprazole serum levels by increasing omeprazole's rate of metabolism.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
Results from three prospective epidemiological studies (more than 1000 exposed outcomes) indicate no adverse effects of omeprazole on pregnancy or on the health of the foetus/newborn child. Omeprazole can be used during pregnancy.
\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*
Omeprazole is excreted in breast milk but is not likely to influence the child when therapeutic doses are used.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
Animal studies with the racemic mixture omeprazole, given by oral administration do not indicate effects with respect to fertility.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Omeprazole is not likely to affect the ability to drive or use machines. Adverse drug reactions such as dizziness and visual disturbances may occur (see section 4.8). If affected, patients should not drive or operate machinery.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Summary of the safety profile\*\*
The most common side effects (1-10% of patients) are headache, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence and nausea/vomiting.
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) , drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) have been reported in association with omeprazole treatment (see section 4.4)
\*\*Tabulated list of adverse reactions\*\*
The following adverse drug reactions have been identified or suspected in the clinical trials programme for omeprazole and post-marketing. None was found to be dose-related. Adverse reactions listed below are classified according to frequency and System Organ Class (SOC). Frequency categories are defined according to the following convention: Very common (≥1/10), Common (≥1/100 to < 1/10), Uncommon (≥1/1,000 to < 1/100), Rare (≥1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), Very rare (< 1/10,000), Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*SOC/frequency\*\* | \*\*Adverse reaction\*\* |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia |
| Very rare: | Agranulocytosis, pancytopenia |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Hypersensitivity reactions e.g. fever, angioedema and anaphylactic reaction/shock |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Hyponatraemia |
| Not known: | Hypomagnesaemia; severe hypomagnesaemia may result in hypocalcaemia. Hypomagnesaemia may also be associated with hypokalaemia. |
| \*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Insomnia |
| Rare: | Agitation, confusion, depression |
| Very rare: | Aggression, hallucinations |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Headache |
| Uncommon: | Dizziness, paraesthesia, somnolence |
| Rare: | Taste disturbance |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Blurred vision |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Vertigo |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Bronchospasm |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, nausea/vomiting, fundic gland polyps (benign) |
| Rare: | Dry mouth, stomatitis, gastrointestinal candidiasis |
| Not known: | Microscopic colitis |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Increased liver enzymes |
| Rare: | Hepatitis with or without jaundice |
| Very rare: | Hepatic failure, encephalopathy in patients with pre-existing liver disease |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Dermatitis, pruritus, rash, urticaria |
| Rare: | Alopecia, photosensitivity, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) |
| Very rare: | Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) |
| Not known: | Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (see section 4.4) |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Fracture of the hip, wrist or spine (see section 4.4) |
| Rare: | Arthralgia, myalgia |
| Very rare: | Muscular weakness |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Tubulointerstitial nephritis (with possible progression to renal failure) |
| \*\*Reproductive system and breast disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare: | Gynaecomastia |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Malaise, peripheral oedema |
| Rare: | Increased sweating |
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
There is limited information available on the effects of overdoses of omeprazole in humans. In the literature, doses of up to 560 mg have been described, and occasional reports have been received when single oral doses have reached up to 2,400 mg omeprazole (120 times the usual recommended clinical dose). Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and headache have been reported. Also apathy, depression and confusion have been described in single cases.
The symptoms described have been transient, and no serious outcome has been reported. The rate of elimination was unchanged (first order kinetics) with increased doses. Treatment, if needed, is symptomatic.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for acid-related disorders, proton pump inhibitors, ATC code: A02BC01
\*\*Mechanism of action\*\*
Omeprazole, a racemic mixture of two enantiomers reduces gastric acid secretion through a highly targeted mechanism of action. It is a specific inhibitor of the acid pump in the parietal cell. It is rapidly acting and provides control through reversible inhibition of gastric acid secretion with once daily dosing.
Omeprazole is a weak base and is concentrated and converted to the active form in the highly acidic environment of the intracellular canaliculi within the parietal cell, where it inhibits the enzyme H+ K+-ATPase - the acid pump. This effect on the final step of the gastric acid formation process is dose-dependent and provides for highly effective inhibition of both basal acid secretion and stimulated acid secretion, irrespective of stimulus.
\*\*Pharmacodynamic effects\*\*
All pharmacodynamic effects observed can be explained by the effect of omeprazole on acid secretion.
\*Effect on gastric acid secretion\*
Oral dosing with omeprazole once daily provides for rapid and effective inhibition of daytime and night-time gastric acid secretion with maximum effect being achieved within 4 days of treatment. With omeprazole 20 mg, a mean decrease of at least 80% in 24-hour intragastric acidity is then maintained in duodenal ulcer patients, with the mean decrease in peak acid output after pentagastrin stimulation being about 70% 24 hours after dosing.
Oral dosing with omeprazole 20 mg maintains an intragastric pH of ≥3 for a mean time of 17 hours of the 24-hour period in duodenal ulcer patients.
As a consequence of reduced acid secretion and intragastric acidity, omeprazole dose-dependently reduces/normalizes acid exposure of the oesophagus in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
The inhibition of acid secretion is related to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of omeprazole and not to the actual plasma concentration at a given time.
No tachyphylaxis has been observed during treatment with omeprazole.
\*Other effects related to acid inhibition\*
During long-term treatment gastric glandular cysts have been reported in a somewhat increased frequency. These changes are a physiological consequence of pronounced inhibition of acid secretion, are benign and appear to be reversible.
Decreased gastric acidity due to any means including proton pump inhibitors, increases gastric counts of bacteria normally present in the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with acid-reducing drugs may lead to slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as \*Salmonella\* and \*Campylobacter\* and, in hospitalised patients, possibly also \*Clostridium difficile.\*
During treatment with antisecretory medicinal products, serum gastrin increases in response to the decreased acid secretion. Also CgA increases due to decreased gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may interfere with investigations for neuroendocrine tumours.
Available published evidence suggests that proton pump inhibitors should be discontinued between 5 days and 2 weeks prior to CgA measurements. This is to allow CgA levels that might be spuriously elevated following PPI treatment to return to reference range.
An increased number of ECL cells possibly related to the increased serum gastrin levels, have been observed in some patients during long term treatment with omeprazole. The findings are considered to be of no clinical significance.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*Absorption\*\*
Omeprazole is acid labile and is therefore administered orally as enteric-coated tablets. Absorption of omeprazole is rapid, with peak plasma levels occurring approximately 1-2 hours after dose. Absorption of omeprazole takes place in the small intestine and is usually completed within 3-6 hours. Concomitant intake of food has no influence on the bioavailability. The systemic availability (bioavailability) from a single oral dose of omeprazole is approximately 40%. After repeated once-daily administration, the bioavailability increases to about 60%.
\*\*Distribution\*\*
The apparent volume of distribution in healthy subjects is approximately 0.3 l/kg body weight. Omeprazole is 97% plasma protein bound.
\*\*Biotransformation\*\*
Omeprazole is completely metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system (CYP). The major part of its metabolism is dependent on the polymorphically expressed CYP2C19, responsible for the formation of hydroxyomeprazole, the major metabolite in plasma. The remaining part is dependent on another specific isoform, CYP3A4, responsible for the formation of omeprazole sulfone. As a consequence of high affinity of omeprazole to CYP2C19, there is a potential for competitive inhibition and metabolic drug-drug interactions with other substrates for CYP2C19. However, due to low affinity to CYP3A4, omeprazole has no potential to inhibit the metabolism of other CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, omeprazole lacks an inhibitory effect on the main CYP enzymes.
Approximately 3% of the Caucasian population and 15-20% of Asian populations lack a functional CYP2C19 enzyme and are called poor metabolisers. In such individuals the metabolism of omeprazole is probably mainly catalysed by CYP3A4. After repeated once-daily administration of 20 mg omeprazole, the mean AUC was 5 to 10 times higher in poor metabolisers than in subjects having a functional CYP2C19 enzyme (extensive metabolisers). Mean peak plasma concentrations were also higher, by 3 to 5 times. These findings have no implications for the posology of omeprazole.
\*\*Elimination\*\*
The plasma elimination half-life of omeprazole is usually shorter than one hour both after single and repeated oral once-daily dosing. Omeprazole is completely eliminated from plasma between doses with no tendency for accumulation during once-daily administration. Almost 80% of an oral dose of omeprazole is excreted as metabolites in the urine, the remainder in the faeces, primarily originating from bile secretion.
\*\*Linearity/non-linearity\*\*
The AUC of omeprazole increases with repeated administration. This increase is dose-dependent and results in a non-linear dose-AUC relationship after repeated administration. This time- and dose-dependency is due to a decrease of first pass metabolism and systemic clearance probably caused by an inhibition of the CYP2C19 enzyme by omeprazole and/or its metabolites (e.g. the sulphone).
No metabolite has been found to have any effect on gastric acid secretion.
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Hepatic impairment\*
The metabolism of omeprazole in patients with liver dysfunction is impaired, resulting in an increased AUC. Omeprazole has not shown any tendency to accumulate with once daily dosing.
\*Renal impairment\*
The pharmacokinetics of omeprazole, including systemic bioavailability and elimination rate, are unchanged in patients with reduced renal function.
\*Elderly\*
The metabolism rate of omeprazole is somewhat reduced in elderly subjects (75-79 years of age).5.3 Preclinical safety data
Gastric ECL-cell hyperplasia and carcinoids, have been observed in life-long studies in rats treated with omeprazole. These changes are the result of sustained hypergastrinaemia secondary to acid inhibition. Similar findings have been made after treatment with H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors and after partial fundectomy. Thus, these changes are not from a direct effect of any individual active substance.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
\*\*Core Excipients\*\*: lactose monohydrate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate.
\*\*Enteric Coating\*\*: hypromellose acetate succinate, \*brownish pink colour\* [containing: propylene glycol, titanium dioxide (E-171), red iron oxide (E-172) hypromellose and yellow iron oxide (E-172)], talc, triethyl citrate, monoethanolamine, sodium laurilsulfate.
\*\*Polish\*\*: carnauba wax.6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
2 years6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C.
Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Aluminum blister.
20 mg: 7, 14 Tablets
Not all pack sizes may be marketed6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each gastro-resistant tablet contains 20 mg Omeprazole
\*\*Excipient(s) with known effect\*\*:
Each gastro-resistant tablet contains 203 mg lactose monohydrate
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Gastro-resistant tablets (tablets).
Omeprazole 20 mg gastro-resistant tablets are brownish-pink, capsule shaped film coated tablets.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Omeprazole gastro resistant tablets are indicated for the short-term treatment of reflux symptoms (e.g. heartburn, acid regurgitation) in adults.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology in adults\*\*
The recommended dose is 20 mg once daily for up to 14 days.
It might be necessary to take the tablets for 2-3 consecutive days to achieve improvement of symptoms.
The majority of patients achieve complete relief of heartburn within 7 days. Once complete relief of symptoms has occurred, treatment should be discontinued.
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Paediatric population\*
There is no relevant use of Omeprazole tablets in the paediatric population below 18 years of age for the indication of short-term treatment of reflux symptoms (e.g. heartburn, acid regurgitation).
\*Renal impairment\*
Dose adjustment is not needed in patients with impaired renal function (see section 5.2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Patients with impaired hepatic function should be advised by a doctor before taking Omeprazole tablets (see section 5.2).
\*Elderly\*
Dose adjustment is not needed in the elderly (see section 5.2).
\*\*Method of administration\*\*It is recommended to take Omeprazole tablets in the morning, swallowed whole with half a glass of water. The tablets must not be chewed or crushed.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, substituted benzimidazoles or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Omeprazole like other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) must not be used concomitantly with nelfinavir (see section 4.5).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
In the presence of any alarm symptom (e.g. significant unintentional weight loss, recurrent vomiting, dysphagia, haematemesis or melena) and when gastric ulcer is suspected or present, malignancy should be excluded, as treatment may alleviate symptoms and delay diagnosis.
Co-administration of atazanavir with proton pump inhibitors is not recommended (see section 4.5). If the combination of atazanavir with a proton pump inhibitor is judged unavoidable, close clinical monitoring (e.g virus load) is recommended in combination with an increase in the dose of atazanavir to 400 mg with 100 mg of ritonavir; omeprazole 20 mg should not be exceeded.
Omeprazole, as all acid-blocking medicines, may reduce the absorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) due to hypo- or achlorhydria. This should be considered in patients with reduced body stores or risk factors for reduced vitamin B12 absorption on long-term therapy.
Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 inhibitor. When starting or ending treatment with omeprazole, the potential for interactions with drugs metabolised through CYP2C19 should be considered. An interaction is observed between clopidogrel and omeprazole (see section 4.5). The clinical relevance of this interaction is uncertain. As a precaution, concomitant use of omeprazole and clopidogrel should be discouraged.
Severe hypomagnesaemia has been reported in patients treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole for at least three months, and in most cases for a year. Serious manifestations of hypomagnesaemia such as fatigue, tetany, delirium, convulsions, dizziness and ventricular arrhythmia can occur but they may begin insidiously and be overlooked. In most affected patients, hypomagnesaemia improved after magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.
For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with digoxin or drugs that may cause hypomagnesaemia (e.g., diuretics), healthcare professionals should consider measuring magnesium levels before starting PPI treatment and periodically during treatment.
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) , drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), which can be life-threatening or fatal, have been reported very rarely and rarely, respectively in association with omeprazole treatment.
Proton pump inhibitors, especially if used in high doses and over long durations (>1 year), may modestly increase the risk of hip, wrist and spine fracture, predominantly in the elderly or in presence of other recognised risk factors. Observational studies suggest that proton pump inhibitors may increase the overall risk of fracture by 10-40%. Some of this increase may be due to other risk factors. Patients at risk of osteoporosis should receive care according to current clinical guidelines and they should have an adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium.
\*Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)\*
Proton pump inhibitors are associated with very infrequent cases of SCLE. If lesions occur, especially in sun-exposed areas of the skin, and if accompanied by arthralgia, the patient should seek medical help promptly and the health care professional should consider stopping Omeprazole tablets. SCLE after previous treatment with a proton pump inhibitor may increase the risk of SCLE with other proton pump inhibitors.
\*Renal impairment\*
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) has been observed in patients taking omeprazole and may occur at any point during omeprazole therapy (see section 4.8). Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis can progress to renal failure.
Omeprazole should be discontinued in case of suspected TIN, and appropriate treatment should be promptly initiated.
\*Interference with laboratory tests\*
Increased Chromogranin A (CgA) level may interfere with investigations for neuroendocrine tumours. To avoid this interference, omeprazole treatment should be stopped for at least 5 days before CgA measurements (see section 5.1). If CgA and gastrin levels have not returned to reference range after initial measurement, measurements should be repeated 14 days after cessation of proton pump inhibitor treatment.
Omeprazole tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Treatment with proton pump inhibitors may lead to slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as \*Salmonella\* and \*Campylobacter\* and, in hospitalised patients, possibly also \*Clostridium difficile\* (see section 5.1).
As in all long-term treatments, especially when exceeding a treatment period of 1 year, patients should be kept under regular surveillance.
Patients with long-term recurrent symptoms of indigestion or heartburn should see their doctor at regular intervals. Especially, patients over 55 years taking any 'over-the-counter' (OTC, non-prescription) indigestion or heartburn remedy on a daily basis should inform their pharmacist or doctor.
Patients should be instructed to consult a doctor if:
• They have had previous gastric ulcer or gastrointestinal surgery.
• They are on continuous symptomatic treatment of indigestion or heartburn for 4 or more weeks.
• They have jaundice or severe liver disease.
• They are aged over 55 years with new or recently changed symptoms.
Patients should not take omeprazole as a preventative medication.
Patients should not take another PPI or H2 antagonist concomitantly
Patients should consult their doctor before taking this medicinal product if they are due to have an endoscopy or urea breath test.
Omeprazole tablets contain less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
\*\*Effects of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of other active substances\*\*
\*\*\*Active substances with pH dependent absorption\*\*\*
The decreased intragastric acidity during treatment with omeprazole might increase or decrease the absorption of active substances with a gastric pH dependent absorption.
\*Nelfinavir, atazanavir\*
The plasma levels of nelfinavir and atazanavir are decreased in case of co-administration with omeprazole.
Concomitant administration of omeprazole with nelfinavir is contraindicated (see section 4.3). Co-administration of omeprazole (40 mg once daily) reduced mean nelfinavir exposure by ca. 40% and the mean exposure of the pharmacologically active metabolite M8 was reduced by ca. 75 –90%. The interaction may also involve CYP2C19 inhibition.
Concomitant administration of omeprazole with atazanavir is not recommended (see section 4.4). Concomitant administration of omeprazole (40 mg once daily) and atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg to healthy volunteers resulted in a 75% decrease of the atazanavir exposure. Increasing the atazanavir dose to 400 mg did not compensate for the impact of omeprazole on atazanavir exposure. The co-administration of omeprazole (20 mg once daily) with atazanavir 400 mg/ritonavir 100 mg to healthy volunteers resulted in a decrease of approximately 30% in the atazanavir exposure as compared to atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg once daily.
\*Digoxin\*
Concomitant treatment with omeprazole (20 mg daily) and digoxin in healthy subjects increased the bioavailability of digoxin by 10%. Digoxin toxicity has been rarely reported. However caution should be exercised when omeprazole is given at high doses in elderly patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin should then be reinforced.
\*Clopidogrel\*
Results from studies in healthy subjects have shown a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) interaction between clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose/75 mg daily maintenance dose) and omeprazole (80 mg p.o. daily) resulting in a decreased exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel by an average of 46% and a decreased maximum inhibition of (ADP induced) platelet aggregation by an average of 16%.
Inconsistent data on the clinical implications of a PK/PD interaction of omeprazole in terms of major cardiovascular events have been reported from both observational and clinical studies. As a precaution, concomitant use of omeprazole and clopidogrel should be discouraged (see section 4.4).
\*Other active substances\*
The absorption of posaconazole, erlotinib, ketoconazole and itraconazole is significantly reduced and thus clinical efficacy may be impaired. For posaconazole and erlotinib concomitant use should be avoided.
\*\*\*Active substances metabolised by CYP2C19\*\*\*
Omeprazole is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C19, the major omeprazole metabolising enzyme. Thus, the metabolism of concomitant active substances also metabolised by CYP2C19, may be decreased and the systemic exposure to these substances increased. Examples of such drugs are R-warfarin and other vitamin K antagonists, cilostazol, diazepam and phenytoin.
\*Cilostazol\*
Omeprazole, given in doses of 40 mg to healthy subjects in a cross-over study, increased Cmax and AUC for cilostazol by 18% and 26% respectively, and one of its active metabolites by 29% and 69% respectively.
\*Phenytoin\*
Monitoring phenytoin plasma concentration is recommended during the first two weeks after initiating omeprazole treatment and, if a phenytoin dose adjustment is made, monitoring and a further dose adjustment should occur upon ending omeprazole treatment.
\*\*\*Unknown mechanism\*\*\*
\*Saquinavir\*
Concomitant administration of omeprazole with saquinavir/ritonavir resulted in increased plasma levels up to approximately 70% for saquinavir associated with good tolerability in HIV-infected patients.
\*Tacrolimus\*
Concomitant administration of omeprazole has been reported to increase the serum levels of tacrolimus. A reinforced monitoring of tacrolimus concentrations as well as renal function (creatinine clearance) should be performed, and dosage of tacrolimus adjusted if needed.
\*Methotrexate\*
When given together with proton-pump inhibitors, methotrexate levels have been reported to increase in some patients. In high-dose methotrexate administration a temporary withdrawal of omeprazole may need to be considered.
\*\*Effects of other active substances on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole\*\*
\*\*\*Inhibitors of CYP2C19 and/or CYP3A4\*\*\*
Since omeprazole is metabolised by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, active substances known to inhibit CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 (such as clarithromycin and voriconazole) may lead to increased omeprazole serum levels by decreasing omeprazole's rate of metabolism. Concomitant voriconazole treatment resulted in more than doubling of the omeprazole exposure. As high doses of omeprazole have been well-tolerated adjustment of the omeprazole dose is not generally required. However, dose adjustment should be considered in patients with severe hepatic impairment and if long-term treatment is indicated.
\*\*\*Inducers of CYP2C19 and/or CYP3A4\*\*\*
Active substances known to induce CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 or both (such as rifampicin and St John's wort) may lead to decreased omeprazole serum levels by increasing omeprazole's rate of metabolism.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
Results from three prospective epidemiological studies (more than 1000 exposed outcomes) indicate no adverse effects of omeprazole on pregnancy or on the health of the foetus/newborn child. Omeprazole can be used during pregnancy.
\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*
Omeprazole is excreted in breast milk but is not likely to influence the child when therapeutic doses are used.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
Animal studies with the racemic mixture omeprazole, given by oral administration do not indicate effects with respect to fertility.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Omeprazole is not likely to affect the ability to drive or use machines. Adverse drug reactions such as dizziness and visual disturbances may occur (see section 4.8). If affected, patients should not drive or operate machinery.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Summary of the safety profile\*\*
The most common side effects (1-10% of patients) are headache, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence and nausea/vomiting.
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) , drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) have been reported in association with omeprazole treatment (see section 4.4)
\*\*Tabulated list of adverse reactions\*\*
The following adverse drug reactions have been identified or suspected in the clinical trials programme for omeprazole and post-marketing. None was found to be dose-related. Adverse reactions listed below are classified according to frequency and System Organ Class (SOC). Frequency categories are defined according to the following convention: Very common (≥1/10), Common (≥1/100 to < 1/10), Uncommon (≥1/1,000 to < 1/100), Rare (≥1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), Very rare (< 1/10,000), Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*SOC/frequency\*\* | \*\*Adverse reaction\*\* |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia |
| Very rare: | Agranulocytosis, pancytopenia |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Hypersensitivity reactions e.g. fever, angioedema and anaphylactic reaction/shock |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Hyponatraemia |
| Not known: | Hypomagnesaemia; severe hypomagnesaemia may result in hypocalcaemia. Hypomagnesaemia may also be associated with hypokalaemia. |
| \*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Insomnia |
| Rare: | Agitation, confusion, depression |
| Very rare: | Aggression, hallucinations |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Headache |
| Uncommon: | Dizziness, paraesthesia, somnolence |
| Rare: | Taste disturbance |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Blurred vision |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Vertigo |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Bronchospasm |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, nausea/vomiting, fundic gland polyps (benign) |
| Rare: | Dry mouth, stomatitis, gastrointestinal candidiasis |
| Not known: | Microscopic colitis |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Increased liver enzymes |
| Rare: | Hepatitis with or without jaundice |
| Very rare: | Hepatic failure, encephalopathy in patients with pre-existing liver disease |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Dermatitis, pruritus, rash, urticaria |
| Rare: | Alopecia, photosensitivity, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) |
| Very rare: | Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) |
| Not known: | Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (see section 4.4) |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Fracture of the hip, wrist or spine (see section 4.4) |
| Rare: | Arthralgia, myalgia |
| Very rare: | Muscular weakness |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Rare: | Tubulointerstitial nephritis (with possible progression to renal failure) |
| \*\*Reproductive system and breast disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare: | Gynaecomastia |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | |
| Uncommon: | Malaise, peripheral oedema |
| Rare: | Increased sweating |
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
There is limited information available on the effects of overdoses of omeprazole in humans. In the literature, doses of up to 560 mg have been described, and occasional reports have been received when single oral doses have reached up to 2,400 mg omeprazole (120 times the usual recommended clinical dose). Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and headache have been reported. Also apathy, depression and confusion have been described in single cases.
The symptoms described have been transient, and no serious outcome has been reported. The rate of elimination was unchanged (first order kinetics) with increased doses. Treatment, if needed, is symptomatic.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for acid-related disorders, proton pump inhibitors, ATC code: A02BC01
\*\*Mechanism of action\*\*
Omeprazole, a racemic mixture of two enantiomers reduces gastric acid secretion through a highly targeted mechanism of action. It is a specific inhibitor of the acid pump in the parietal cell. It is rapidly acting and provides control through reversible inhibition of gastric acid secretion with once daily dosing.
Omeprazole is a weak base and is concentrated and converted to the active form in the highly acidic environment of the intracellular canaliculi within the parietal cell, where it inhibits the enzyme H+ K+-ATPase - the acid pump. This effect on the final step of the gastric acid formation process is dose-dependent and provides for highly effective inhibition of both basal acid secretion and stimulated acid secretion, irrespective of stimulus.
\*\*Pharmacodynamic effects\*\*
All pharmacodynamic effects observed can be explained by the effect of omeprazole on acid secretion.
\*Effect on gastric acid secretion\*
Oral dosing with omeprazole once daily provides for rapid and effective inhibition of daytime and night-time gastric acid secretion with maximum effect being achieved within 4 days of treatment. With omeprazole 20 mg, a mean decrease of at least 80% in 24-hour intragastric acidity is then maintained in duodenal ulcer patients, with the mean decrease in peak acid output after pentagastrin stimulation being about 70% 24 hours after dosing.
Oral dosing with omeprazole 20 mg maintains an intragastric pH of ≥3 for a mean time of 17 hours of the 24-hour period in duodenal ulcer patients.
As a consequence of reduced acid secretion and intragastric acidity, omeprazole dose-dependently reduces/normalizes acid exposure of the oesophagus in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
The inhibition of acid secretion is related to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of omeprazole and not to the actual plasma concentration at a given time.
No tachyphylaxis has been observed during treatment with omeprazole.
\*Other effects related to acid inhibition\*
During long-term treatment gastric glandular cysts have been reported in a somewhat increased frequency. These changes are a physiological consequence of pronounced inhibition of acid secretion, are benign and appear to be reversible.
Decreased gastric acidity due to any means including proton pump inhibitors, increases gastric counts of bacteria normally present in the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with acid-reducing drugs may lead to slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as \*Salmonella\* and \*Campylobacter\* and, in hospitalised patients, possibly also \*Clostridium difficile.\*
During treatment with antisecretory medicinal products, serum gastrin increases in response to the decreased acid secretion. Also CgA increases due to decreased gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may interfere with investigations for neuroendocrine tumours.
Available published evidence suggests that proton pump inhibitors should be discontinued between 5 days and 2 weeks prior to CgA measurements. This is to allow CgA levels that might be spuriously elevated following PPI treatment to return to reference range.
An increased number of ECL cells possibly related to the increased serum gastrin levels, have been observed in some patients during long term treatment with omeprazole. The findings are considered to be of no clinical significance.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*Absorption\*\*
Omeprazole is acid labile and is therefore administered orally as enteric-coated tablets. Absorption of omeprazole is rapid, with peak plasma levels occurring approximately 1-2 hours after dose. Absorption of omeprazole takes place in the small intestine and is usually completed within 3-6 hours. Concomitant intake of food has no influence on the bioavailability. The systemic availability (bioavailability) from a single oral dose of omeprazole is approximately 40%. After repeated once-daily administration, the bioavailability increases to about 60%.
\*\*Distribution\*\*
The apparent volume of distribution in healthy subjects is approximately 0.3 l/kg body weight. Omeprazole is 97% plasma protein bound.
\*\*Biotransformation\*\*
Omeprazole is completely metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system (CYP). The major part of its metabolism is dependent on the polymorphically expressed CYP2C19, responsible for the formation of hydroxyomeprazole, the major metabolite in plasma. The remaining part is dependent on another specific isoform, CYP3A4, responsible for the formation of omeprazole sulfone. As a consequence of high affinity of omeprazole to CYP2C19, there is a potential for competitive inhibition and metabolic drug-drug interactions with other substrates for CYP2C19. However, due to low affinity to CYP3A4, omeprazole has no potential to inhibit the metabolism of other CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, omeprazole lacks an inhibitory effect on the main CYP enzymes.
Approximately 3% of the Caucasian population and 15-20% of Asian populations lack a functional CYP2C19 enzyme and are called poor metabolisers. In such individuals the metabolism of omeprazole is probably mainly catalysed by CYP3A4. After repeated once-daily administration of 20 mg omeprazole, the mean AUC was 5 to 10 times higher in poor metabolisers than in subjects having a functional CYP2C19 enzyme (extensive metabolisers). Mean peak plasma concentrations were also higher, by 3 to 5 times. These findings have no implications for the posology of omeprazole.
\*\*Elimination\*\*
The plasma elimination half-life of omeprazole is usually shorter than one hour both after single and repeated oral once-daily dosing. Omeprazole is completely eliminated from plasma between doses with no tendency for accumulation during once-daily administration. Almost 80% of an oral dose of omeprazole is excreted as metabolites in the urine, the remainder in the faeces, primarily originating from bile secretion.
\*\*Linearity/non-linearity\*\*
The AUC of omeprazole increases with repeated administration. This increase is dose-dependent and results in a non-linear dose-AUC relationship after repeated administration. This time- and dose-dependency is due to a decrease of first pass metabolism and systemic clearance probably caused by an inhibition of the CYP2C19 enzyme by omeprazole and/or its metabolites (e.g. the sulphone).
No metabolite has been found to have any effect on gastric acid secretion.
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Hepatic impairment\*
The metabolism of omeprazole in patients with liver dysfunction is impaired, resulting in an increased AUC. Omeprazole has not shown any tendency to accumulate with once daily dosing.
\*Renal impairment\*
The pharmacokinetics of omeprazole, including systemic bioavailability and elimination rate, are unchanged in patients with reduced renal function.
\*Elderly\*
The metabolism rate of omeprazole is somewhat reduced in elderly subjects (75-79 years of age).5.3 Preclinical safety data
Gastric ECL-cell hyperplasia and carcinoids, have been observed in life-long studies in rats treated with omeprazole. These changes are the result of sustained hypergastrinaemia secondary to acid inhibition. Similar findings have been made after treatment with H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors and after partial fundectomy. Thus, these changes are not from a direct effect of any individual active substance.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
\*\*Core Excipients\*\*: lactose monohydrate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate.
\*\*Enteric Coating\*\*: hypromellose acetate succinate, \*brownish pink colour\* [containing: propylene glycol, titanium dioxide (E-171), red iron oxide (E-172) hypromellose and yellow iron oxide (E-172)], talc, triethyl citrate, monoethanolamine, sodium laurilsulfate.
\*\*Polish\*\*: carnauba wax.6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
2 years6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C.
Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Aluminum blister.
20 mg: 7, 14 Tablets
Not all pack sizes may be marketed6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
