- Approval Id
- 448454314ba6a966
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Octreotide 100 microgram/ml, solution for injection/infusion
- Drug Name
- Octreotide 100 microgram/ml, solution for injection/infusion
- Company Name
- Seacross Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Company Address
- Stanmore Place, Honeypot Lane, Stanmore, London, HA7 1BT
- Company Website
- http://www.seacrosspharma.com
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0208 731 5273
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0)208 731 5273
- Company Medical Info Email
- regulatory@seacrosspharma.com
- Company Customer Care Direct Line
- +44 (0)208 731 5273
- Company Medical Info Fax
- +44 (0)203 727 0712
- Atc Code
- H01CB02
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Seacross Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Bedford Business Centre
61-63 St Peters Street
Bedford MK40 2PR
United Kingdom
- Authorisation Number
- PL 41013/0024
- Authorisation Date
- 08/04/2022
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Seacross Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Bedford Business Centre
61-63 St Peters Street
Bedford MK40 2PR
United Kingdom
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PL 41013/0024
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 08/04/2022
- Instruction Composition
- One vial of 1 ml contains100 microgram octreotide (as octreotide acetate)
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Solution for injection/infusion
pH 3.9 - 4.5
Osmolality: 315 - 350 mOsmol/kg
Clear, colourless solution.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Symptomatic control and reduction of growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 plasma levels in patients with acromegaly who are inadequately controlled by surgery or radiotherapy. Octreotide is also indicated for acromegalic patients unfit or unwilling to undergo surgery, or in the interim period until radiotherapy becomes fully effective.
Relief of symptoms associated with functional gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine tumours, e.g. carcinoid tumours with features of the carcinoid syndrome (see section 5.1).
Octreotide is not an anti-tumour therapy and is not curative in these patients.
Prevention of complications following pancreatic surgery.
Emergency management to stop bleeding and to protect from re-bleeding owing to gastro-oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. Octreotide is to be used in association with specific treatment such as endoscopic sclerotherapy.
Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas:
● when secretion has not normalised after surgery and/or radiotherapy;
● in patients in whom surgery is inappropriate;
● in irradiated patients, until radiotherapy is effective.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
\*Acromegaly\*
Initially 50 to 100 micrograms by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection every 8 or 12 hours. Dosage adjustment should be based on monthly assessment of GH and IGF-1 levels (target: GH <2.5 ng/mL; IGF-1 within normal range) and clinical symptoms, and on tolerability. In most patients, the optimal daily dose will be 300 micrograms. A maximum dose of 1500 micrograms per day should not be exceeded. For patients on a stable dose of Octreotide, assessment of GH and IGF-1 should be made every 6 months.
If no relevant reduction in GH levels and no improvement in clinical symptoms have been achieved within 3 months of starting treatment with Octreotide, therapy should be discontinued.
\*Gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine tumours\*
Initially 50 micrograms once or twice daily by s.c. injection. Depending on clinical response, effect on levels of tumour-produced hormones (in cases of carcinoid tumours, on the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid), and on tolerability, dosage can be gradually increased to 100 to 200 micrograms 3 times daily. Under exceptional circumstances, higher doses may be required. Maintenance doses have to be adjusted individually.
In carcinoid tumours, if there is no beneficial response within 1 week of treatment with Octreotide at the maximum tolerated dose, therapy should not be continued.
\*Complications following pancreatic surgery\*
100 micrograms 3 times daily by s.c. injection for 7 consecutive days, starting on the day of surgery at least 1 hour before laparotomy.
\*Bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices\*
25 micrograms/hour for 5 days by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion. Octreotide can be used in dilution with physiological saline.
In cirrhotic patients with bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices, Octreotide has been well tolerated at continuous i.v. doses of up to 50 micrograms/hour for 5 days.
\*Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas\*
The dosage most generally effective is 100 micrograms three times a day by s.c. injection. The dose can be adjusted according to the responses of TSH and thyroid hormones. At least 5 days of treatment will be needed to judge the efficacy.
\*Use in the elderly\*
There is no evidence of reduced tolerability or altered dosage requirements in elderly patients treated with Octreotide.
\*Use in children\*
Experience with Octreotide in children is limited.
\*Use in patients with impaired liver function\*
In patients with liver cirrhosis, the half-life of the drug may be increased, necessitating adjustment of the maintenance dosage.
\*Use in patients with impaired renal function\*
Impaired renal function did not affect the total exposure (AUC) to octreotide administered as s.c. injection, therefore no dose adjustment of Octreotide is necessary.
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
Octreotide may be administered directly by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection or by intravenous (i.v.) infusion after dilution. For further instructions on handling and instructions for dilution of the medicinal product, refer to section 6.6.4.3 Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*\*General\*\*
As GH-secreting pituitary tumours may sometimes expand, causing serious complications (e.g. visual field defects), it is essential that all patients be carefully monitored. If evidence of tumour expansion appears, alternative procedures may be advisable.
The therapeutic benefits of a reduction in growth hormone (GH) levels and normalisation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration in female acromegalic patients could potentially restore fertility. Female patients of childbearing potential should be advised to use adequate contraception if necessary during treatment with octreotide (see section 4.6).
Thyroid function should be monitored in patients receiving prolonged treatment with octreotide.
Hepatic function should be monitored during octreotide therapy.
\*\*Cardiovascular related events\*\*
Common cases of bradycardia have been reported. Dose adjustment of medicinal products such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance, may be necessary (see section 4.5).
Atrioventricular blocks (including complete atrioventricular block) were reported in patients receiving high doses of continuous infusion (100 micrograms/hour) and in patients receiving bolus octreotide intravenously (50 micrograms bolus followed by 50 micrograms/hour continuous infusion). The maximum dose of 50 microgram/hour should therefore not be exceeded (see section 4.2). Patients who receive high doses of intravenous octreotide should be kept under appropriate cardiac monitoring.
\*\*Gallbladder and related events\*\*
Cholelithiasis is a very common event during octreotide treatment and may be associated with cholecystitis and biliary duct dilatation (see section 4.8). Additionally, cases of cholangitis have been reported as a complication of cholelithiasis in patients taking octreotide in the post-marketing setting. Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder before, and at about 6- to 12-month intervals during Octreotide therapy is therefore recommended.
\*\*GEP endocrine tumours\*\*
During the treatment of GEP endocrine tumours, there may be rare instances of sudden escape from symptomatic control by octreotide, with rapid recurrence of severe symptoms. If the treatment is stopped, symptoms may worsen or recur.
\*\*Glucose metabolism\*\*
Because of its inhibitory action on growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin, octreotide may affect glucose regulation. Post-prandial glucose tolerance may be impaired and, in some instances, the state of persistent hyperglycaemia may be induced as a result of chronic administration. Hypoglycaemia has also been reported.
In patients with insulinomas, octreotide, because of its greater relative potency in inhibiting the secretion of GH and glucagon than that of insulin, and because of the shorter duration of its inhibitory action on insulin, may increase the depth and prolong the duration of hypoglycaemia. These patients should be closely monitored during initiation of Octreotide therapy and at each change of dosage. Marked fluctuations in blood glucose concentration may possibly be reduced by smaller, more frequently administered doses.
Insulin requirements of patients with type I diabetes mellitus therapy may be reduced by administration of octreotide. In non-diabetics and type II diabetics with partially intact insulin reserves, octreotide administration can result in post-prandial increases in glycaemia. It is therefore recommended to monitor glucose tolerance and antidiabetic treatment.
\*\*Oesophageal varices\*\*
Since, following bleeding episodes from oesophageal varices, there is an increased risk for the development of insulin-dependent diabetes or for changes in insulin requirement in patients with pre-existing diabetes, an appropriate monitoring of blood glucose levels is mandatory.
\*\*Local site reactions\*\*
In a 52-week toxicity study in rats, predominantly in males, sarcomas were noted at the s.c. injection site only at the highest dose (about 8 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). No hyperplastic or neoplastic lesions occurred at the s.c. injection site in a 52-week dog toxicity study. There have been no reports of tumour formation at the injection sites in patients treated with Octreotide for up to 15 years. All the information available at present indicates that the findings in rats are species specific and have no significance for the use of the drug in humans (see section 5.3).
\*\*Nutrition\*\*
Octreotide may alter absorption of dietary fats in some patients.
Depressed vitamin B12 levels and abnormal Schilling's tests have been observed in some patients receiving octreotide therapy. Monitoring of vitamin B12 levels is recommended during therapy with Octreotide in patients who have a history of vitamin B12 deprivation.
\*\*Sodium content\*\*
Octreotide contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per vial, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Dose adjustment of medicinal products such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance may be necessary when Octreotide is administered concomitantly (see section 4.4).
Dose adjustments of insulin and antidiabetic medicinal products may be required when Octreotide is administered concomitantly (see section 4.4).
Octreotide has been found to reduce the intestinal absorption of ciclosporin and to delay that of cimetidine.
Concomitant administration of octreotide and bromocriptine increases the bioavailability of bromocriptine.
Limited published data indicate that somatostatin analogues might decrease the metabolic clearance of compounds known to be metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which may be due to the suppression of growth hormone. Since it cannot be excluded that octreotide may have this effect, other drugs mainly metabolised by CYP3A4 and which have a low therapeutic index should therefore be used with caution (e.g. quinidine, terfenadine).
Concomitant use with radioactive somatostatin analogues
Octreotide and its analogues such as octreotide competitively bind to somatostatin receptors and may interfere with the efficacy of radioactive somatostatin analogues. The administration of octreotide should be avoided for 24 hours prior to the administration of lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide, a radiopharmaceutical binding to somatostatin receptors.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
There is a limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of octreotide in pregnant women, and in approximately one third of the cases the pregnancy outcomes are unknown. The majority of reports were received after post-marketing use of octreotide and more than 50% of exposed pregnancies were reported in patients with acromegaly. Most women were exposed to octreotide during the first trimester of pregnancy at doses ranging from 100-1200 micrograms/day of Octreotide s.c. or 10-40 mg/month of Octreotide LAR. Congenital anomalies were reported in about 4% of pregnancy cases for which the outcome is known. No causal relationship to octreotide is suspected for these cases.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Octreotide during pregnancy (see section 4.4).
\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*
It is unknown whether octreotide is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of octreotide in breast milk. Patients should not breast-feed during Octreotide treatment.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
It is not known whether octreotide has an effect on human fertility. Late descent of the testes was found for male offsprings of dam treated during pregnancy and lactation. Octreotide, however, did not impair fertility in male and female rats at doses of up to 1 mg/kg body weight per day (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Octreotide has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should be advised to be cautious when driving or using machines if they experience dizziness, asthenia/fatigue, or headache during treatment with Octreotide.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Summary of the safety profile\*\*
The most frequent adverse reactions reported during octreotide therapy include gastrointestinal disorders, nervous system disorders, hepatobiliary disorders, and metabolism and nutritional disorders.
The most commonly reported adverse reactions in clinical trials with octreotide administration were diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, headache, cholelithiasis, hyperglycaemia and constipation. Other commonly reported adverse reactions were dizziness, localised pain, biliary sludge, thyroid dysfunction (e.g. decreased thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], decreased total T4, and decreased free T4), loose stools, impaired glucose tolerance, vomiting, asthenia, and hypoglycaemia.
\*\*Tabulated list of adverse reactions\*\*
The following adverse drug reactions, listed in Table 1, have been accumulated from clinical studies with octreotide:
Adverse drug reactions (Table 1) are ranked under heading of frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100, <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000, <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000, <1/1,000) very rare (<1/10,000), including isolated reports. Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are ranked in order of decreasing seriousness
\*\*Table 1 Adverse drug reactions reported in clinical studies\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common: | Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, flatulence. |
| Common: | Dyspepsia, vomiting, abdominal bloating, steatorrhoea, loose stools, discolouration of faeces. |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Very common: | Headache. |
| Common: | Dizziness. |
| \*\*Endocrine disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Hypothyroidism, thyroid disorder (e.g. decreased TSH, decreased total T4, and decreased free T4). |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Very common: | Cholelithiasis. |
| Common: | Cholecystitis, biliary sludge, hyperbilirubinaemia. |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Very common: | Hyperglycaemia. |
| Common: | Hypoglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, anorexia. |
| Uncommon: | Dehydration. |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | |
| Very common: | Injection site reactions. |
| Common: | Asthenia. |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* | |
| Common: | Elevated transaminase levels. |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Pruritus, rash, alopecia. |
| \*\*Respiratory disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Dyspnoea. |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Bradycardia. |
| Uncommon: | Tachycardia. |
\*\*Post-marketing\*\*
Spontaneously reported adverse reactions, presented in Table 2, are reported voluntarily and it is not always possible to reliably establish frequency or a causal relationship to drug exposure.
\*\*Table 2 Adverse drug reactions derived from spontaneous reports\*\*
| |
| --- |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* Thrombocytopenia |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* Anaphylaxis, allergy/hypersensitivity reactions. |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* Urticaria |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* Acute pancreatitis, acute hepatitis without cholestasis, cholestatic hepatitis, cholestasis, jaundice, cholestatic jaundice. |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* Arrhythmias. |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* Increased alkaline phosphatase levels, increased gamma glutamyl transferase levels. |
\*\*Description of selected adverse reactions\*\*
\*Gallbladder and related reactions\*
Somatostatin analogues have been shown to inhibit gallbladder contractility and decrease bile secretion, which may lead to gallbladder abnormalities or sludge. Development of gallstones has been reported in 15 to 30% of long-term recipients of s.c. Octreotide. The incidence in the general population (aged 40 to 60 years) is about 5 to 20%. If gallstones do occur, they are usually asymptomatic; symptomatic stones should be treated either by dissolution therapy with bile acids or by surgery.
\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*
In rare instances, gastrointestinal side effects may resemble acute intestinal obstruction, with progressive abdominal distension, severe epigastric pain, abdominal tenderness and guarding.
The frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events is known to decrease over time with continued treatment.
Occurrence of gastrointestinal side-effects may be reduced by avoiding meals around the time of octreotide s.c. administration, that is, by injecting between meals or on retiring to bed.
\*Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions\*
Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions have been reported during post-marketing. When these occur, they mostly affect the skin, rarely the mouth and airways. Isolated cases of anaphylactic shock have been reported.
\*Injection site reactions\*
Pain or a sensation of stinging, tingling or burning at the site of s.c. injection, with redness and swelling, rarely lasting more than 15 minutes. Local discomfort may be reduced by allowing the solution to reach room temperature before injection, or by injecting a smaller volume using a more concentrated solution.
\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*
Although measured faecal fat excretion may increase, there is no evidence to date that long-term treatment with octreotide has led to nutritional deficiency due to malabsorption.
\*Pancreatic enzymes\*
In very rare instances, acute pancreatitis has been reported within the first hours or days of Octreotide s.c. treatment and resolved on withdrawal of the drug. In addition, cholelithiasis-induced pancreatitis has been reported for patients on long-term Octreotide s.c. treatment.
\*Cardiac disorders\*
Bradycardia is a common adverse reaction with somatostatin analogues. In both acromegalic and carcinoid syndrome patients, ECG changes were observed such as QT prolongation, axis shifts, early repolarisation, low voltage, R/S transition, early R wave progression, and non-specific ST-T wave changes. The relationship of these events to octreotide acetate is not established because many of these patients have underlying cardiac diseases (see section 4.4).
\*Thrombocytopenia\*
Thrombocytopenia has been reported during post-marketing experience, particularly during treatment with Octreotide (i.v.) in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. This is reversible after discontinuation of treatment.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
A limited number of accidental overdoses of Octreotide in adults and children have been reported. In adults, the doses ranged from 2,400-6,000 micrograms/day administered by continuous infusion (100-250 micrograms/hour) or subcutaneously (1,500 micrograms three times a day). The adverse events reported were arrhythmia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, brain hypoxia, pancreatitis, hepatic steatosis, diarrhoea, weakness, lethargy, weight loss, hepatomegaly, and lactic acidosis. Atrioventricular blocks (including complete atrioventricular block) were reported in patients receiving 100 micrograms/hour of continuous infusion and/or bolus octreotide intravenously (50 micrograms bolus followed by 50 micrograms/hour continuous infusion).
In children, the doses ranged from 50-3,000 micrograms/day administered by continuous infusion (2.1-500 micrograms/hour) or subcutaneously (50-100 micrograms). The only adverse event reported was mild hyperglycaemia.
No unexpected adverse events have been reported in cancer patients receiving Octreotide at doses of 3,000-30,000 micrograms/day in divided doses subcutaneously.
The management of overdosage is symptomatic.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Somatostatin and analogues, ATC code: H01CB02
Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide derivative of naturally occurring somatostatin with similar pharmacological effects, but with a considerably prolonged duration of action. It inhibits pathologically increased secretion of growth hormone (GH) and of peptides and serotonin produced within the GEP endocrine system.
In animals, octreotide is a more potent inhibitor of GH, glucagon and insulin release than somatostatin is, with greater selectivity for GH and glucagon suppression.
In healthy subjects Octreotide has been shown to inhibit
● release of GH stimulated by arginine, exercise- and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia,
● postprandial release of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, other peptides of the GEP endocrine system, and arginine-stimulated release of insulin and glucagon,
● thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Unlike somatostatin, octreotide inhibits GH secretion preferentially over insulin and its administration is not followed by rebound hypersecretion of hormones (i.e. GH in patients with acromegaly).
In acromegalic patients Octreotide lowers plasma levels of GH and IGF-1. A GH reduction by 50% or more occurs in up to 90% patients, and a reduction of serum GH to <5 ng/mL can be achieved in about half of the cases. In most patients Octreotide markedly reduces the clinical symptoms of the disease, such as headache, skin and soft tissue swelling, hyperhidrosis, arthralgia, paraesthesia. In patients with a large pituitary adenoma, Octreotide treatment may result in some shrinkage of the tumour mass.
In patients with functional tumours of the GEP endocrine system, Octreotide, because of its diverse endocrine effects, modifies a number of clinical features. Clinical improvement and symptomatic benefit occur in patients who still have symptoms related to their tumours despite previous therapies, which may include surgery, hepatic artery embolization, and various chemotherapies, e.g. streptozocin and 5-fluorouracil.
\*\*Octreotide's effects in the different tumour types are as follows\*\*
\*\*Carcinoid tumours\*\*
Administration of Octreotide may result in improvement of symptoms, particularly of flushing and diarrhoea. In many cases, this is accompanied by a fall in plasma serotonin and reduced urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid.
\*\*VIPomas\*\*
The biochemical characteristic of these tumours is overproduction of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In most cases, administration of Octreotide results in alleviation of the severe secretory diarrhoea typical of the condition, with consequent improvement in quality of life. This is accompanied by an improvement in associated electrolyte abnormalities, e.g. hypokalaemia, enabling enteral and parenteral fluid and electrolyte supplementation to be withdrawn. In some patients, computed tomography scanning suggests a slowing or arrest of progression of the tumour, or even tumour shrinkage, particularly of hepatic metastases. Clinical improvement is usually accompanied by a reduction in plasma VIP levels, which may fall into the normal reference range.
\*\*Glucagonomas\*\*
Administration of Octreotide results in most cases in substantial improvement of the necrolytic migratory rash which is characteristic of the condition. The effect of Octreotide on the state of mild diabetes mellitus which frequently occurs is not marked and, in general, does not result in a reduction of requirements for insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents. Octreotide produces improvement of diarrhoea, and hence weight gain, in those patients affected. Although administration of Octreotide often leads to an immediate reduction in plasma glucagon levels, this decrease is generally not maintained over a prolonged period of administration, despite continued symptomatic improvement.
\*\*Gastrinomas/Zollinger-Ellison syndrome\*\*
Therapy with proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blocking agents generally controls gastric acid hypersecretion. However, diarrhoea, which is also a prominent symptom, may not be adequately alleviated by proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blocking agents. Octreotide can help to further reduce gastric acid hypersecretion and improve symptoms, including diarrhoea, as it provides suppression of elevated gastrin levels, in some patients.
\*\*Insulinomas\*\*
Administration of Octreotide produces a fall in circulating immunoreactive insulin, which may, however, be of short duration (about 2 hours). In patients with operable tumours Octreotide may help to restore and maintain normoglycaemia pre-operatively. In patients with inoperable benign or malignant tumours, glycaemic control may be improved without concomitant sustained reduction in circulating insulin levels.
\*\*Complications following pancreatic surgery\*\*
For patients undergoing pancreatic surgery, the peri- and post-operative administration of Octreotide reduces the incidence of typical postoperative complications (e.g. pancreatic fistula, abscess and subsequent sepsis, postoperative acute pancreatitis).
\*\*Bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices\*\*
In patients presenting with bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices due to underlying cirrhosis, Octreotide administration in combination with specific treatment (e.g. sclerotherapy) is associated with better control of bleeding and early re-bleeding, reduced transfusion requirements, and improved 5-day survival. While the precise mode of action of Octreotide is not fully elucidated, it is postulated that Octreotide reduces splanchnic blood flow through inhibition of vaso-active hormones (e.g. VIP, glucagon).
\*\*Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas\*\*
The treatment effects of Octreotide were prospectively observed in 21 patients and pooled with series of 37 published cases. Among 42 patients with evaluable biochemical data, there were 81% of patients (n=34) with satisfactory results (at least 50% reduction of TSH and substantial reduction of thyroid hormones), whereas 67% (n=28) had normalisations of TSH and thyroid hormones. In these patients, the response was maintained throughout the duration of treatment (up to 61 months, mean, 15.7 months).
Regarding clinical symptoms, a clear improvement was reported in 19 out of 32 patients with clinical hyperthyroidism. Tumour volume reduction greater than 20% was observed in 11 cases (41%) with a decrease greater than 50% in 4 cases (15%). The earliest reduction was reported after 14 days of treatment.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*Absorption\*\*
After s.c. injection, Octreotide is rapidly and completely absorbed. Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 30 minutes.
\*\*Distribution\*\*
The volume of distribution is 0.27 L/kg and the total body clearance 160 mL/min. Plasma protein binding amounts to 65%. The amount of Octreotide bound to blood cells is negligible.
\*\*Elimination\*\*
The elimination half-life after s.c. administration is 100 minutes. After i.v. injection, the elimination is biphasic, with half-lives of 10 and 90 minutes. Most of the peptide is eliminated via the faeces, while approximately 32% is excreted unchanged into the urine.
\*\*Special patient population\*\*
Impaired renal function did not affect the total exposure (AUC) to octreotide administered as s.c. injection.
The elimination capacity may be reduced in patients with liver cirrhosis, but not in patients with fatty liver disease.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Acute and repeated dose toxicology, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicology studies in animals revealed no specific safety concerns for humans.
Reproduction studies in animals revealed no evidence of teratogenic, embryo/foetal or other reproduction effects due to octreotide at parental doses of up to 1 mg/kg/day. Some retardation of physiological growth was noted in the offspring of rats which was transient and attributable to GH inhibition brought about by excessive pharmacodynamic activity (see section 4.6).
No specific studies were conducted in juvenile rats. In the pre- and post-natal developmental studies, reduced growth and maturation was observed in the F1 offspring of dams given octreotide during the entire pregnancy and lactation period. Delayed descent of the testes was observed for male F1 offsprings, but fertility of the affected F1 male pups remained normal. Thus, the abovementioned observations were transient and considered to be the consequence of GH inhibition.
\*\*Carcinogenicity/chronic toxicity\*\*
In rats receiving octreotide acetate at daily doses up to 1.25 mg/kg body weight, fibrosarcomas were observed, predominantly in a number of male animals, at the s.c. injection site after 52, 104 and 113/116 weeks. Local tumours also occurred in the control rats, however development of these tumours was attributed to disordered fibroplasia produced by sustained irritant effects at the injection sites, enhanced by the acidic lactic acid/mannitol vehicle. This non-specific tissue reaction appeared to be particular to rats. Neoplastic lesions were not observed either in mice receiving daily s.c. injections of octreotide at doses up to 2 mg/kg for 98 weeks, or in dogs treated with daily s.c. doses of the drug for 52 weeks.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Lactic acid
Mannitol
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (pH adjustment)
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6. Octreotide acetate is not stable in Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) solutions.6.3 Shelf life
36 months
The product should be used immediately after opening.
Octreotide (octreotide acetate) is physically and chemically stable for 24 hours in sterile physiological saline solutions or sterile solutions of dextrose (glucose) 5% in water. However, because Octreotide can affect glucose homeostasis, it is recommended that physiological saline solutions be used rather than dextrose. The diluted solutions are physically and chemically stable for at least 24 hours below 25°C. From a microbiological point of view, the diluted solution should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in the original package in order to protect from light.
Store in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C). Do not freeze.
The vials may be stored below 30°C for up to two weeks.
For storage conditions after dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
2ml clear Type I glass vials, with a grey rubber stopper, aluminium seal and flip-off plastic cap, containing 1 ml of Octreotide solution for injection/infusion.
Each vial contains a clear colourless solution, free from particulate matter.
Pack of 1 vial or 5 vials.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
\*\*Instructions for use and handling\*\*
Single dose vial is for single use only. It should be opened just prior to administration and any unused portion discarded.
\*\*Subcutaneous administration\*\*
Patients who are to self-administer the drug by s.c. injection must receive precise instructions from the physician or nurse.
To reduce local discomfort, it is recommended that the solution should be at room temperature before injection. Multiple injections at short intervals at the same site should be avoided.
\*\*Intravenous infusion\*\*
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for discoloration and particulate matter prior to administration. For intravenous infusion the product must be diluted prior to administration. For intravenous use octreotide should be diluted with sterile physiological saline solutions or sterile solutions of dextrose (glucose) 5% in water to a final concentration range of 7.7 µg/ml to 30 µg/ml. However, because Octreotide can affect glucose homeostasis, it is recommended that physiological saline solutions be used rather than dextrose.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
One vial of 1 ml contains100 microgram octreotide (as octreotide acetate)
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Solution for injection/infusion
pH 3.9 - 4.5
Osmolality: 315 - 350 mOsmol/kg
Clear, colourless solution.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Symptomatic control and reduction of growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 plasma levels in patients with acromegaly who are inadequately controlled by surgery or radiotherapy. Octreotide is also indicated for acromegalic patients unfit or unwilling to undergo surgery, or in the interim period until radiotherapy becomes fully effective.
Relief of symptoms associated with functional gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine tumours, e.g. carcinoid tumours with features of the carcinoid syndrome (see section 5.1).
Octreotide is not an anti-tumour therapy and is not curative in these patients.
Prevention of complications following pancreatic surgery.
Emergency management to stop bleeding and to protect from re-bleeding owing to gastro-oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. Octreotide is to be used in association with specific treatment such as endoscopic sclerotherapy.
Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas:
● when secretion has not normalised after surgery and/or radiotherapy;
● in patients in whom surgery is inappropriate;
● in irradiated patients, until radiotherapy is effective.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
\*Acromegaly\*
Initially 50 to 100 micrograms by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection every 8 or 12 hours. Dosage adjustment should be based on monthly assessment of GH and IGF-1 levels (target: GH <2.5 ng/mL; IGF-1 within normal range) and clinical symptoms, and on tolerability. In most patients, the optimal daily dose will be 300 micrograms. A maximum dose of 1500 micrograms per day should not be exceeded. For patients on a stable dose of Octreotide, assessment of GH and IGF-1 should be made every 6 months.
If no relevant reduction in GH levels and no improvement in clinical symptoms have been achieved within 3 months of starting treatment with Octreotide, therapy should be discontinued.
\*Gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine tumours\*
Initially 50 micrograms once or twice daily by s.c. injection. Depending on clinical response, effect on levels of tumour-produced hormones (in cases of carcinoid tumours, on the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid), and on tolerability, dosage can be gradually increased to 100 to 200 micrograms 3 times daily. Under exceptional circumstances, higher doses may be required. Maintenance doses have to be adjusted individually.
In carcinoid tumours, if there is no beneficial response within 1 week of treatment with Octreotide at the maximum tolerated dose, therapy should not be continued.
\*Complications following pancreatic surgery\*
100 micrograms 3 times daily by s.c. injection for 7 consecutive days, starting on the day of surgery at least 1 hour before laparotomy.
\*Bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices\*
25 micrograms/hour for 5 days by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion. Octreotide can be used in dilution with physiological saline.
In cirrhotic patients with bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices, Octreotide has been well tolerated at continuous i.v. doses of up to 50 micrograms/hour for 5 days.
\*Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas\*
The dosage most generally effective is 100 micrograms three times a day by s.c. injection. The dose can be adjusted according to the responses of TSH and thyroid hormones. At least 5 days of treatment will be needed to judge the efficacy.
\*Use in the elderly\*
There is no evidence of reduced tolerability or altered dosage requirements in elderly patients treated with Octreotide.
\*Use in children\*
Experience with Octreotide in children is limited.
\*Use in patients with impaired liver function\*
In patients with liver cirrhosis, the half-life of the drug may be increased, necessitating adjustment of the maintenance dosage.
\*Use in patients with impaired renal function\*
Impaired renal function did not affect the total exposure (AUC) to octreotide administered as s.c. injection, therefore no dose adjustment of Octreotide is necessary.
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
Octreotide may be administered directly by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection or by intravenous (i.v.) infusion after dilution. For further instructions on handling and instructions for dilution of the medicinal product, refer to section 6.6.4.3 Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*\*General\*\*
As GH-secreting pituitary tumours may sometimes expand, causing serious complications (e.g. visual field defects), it is essential that all patients be carefully monitored. If evidence of tumour expansion appears, alternative procedures may be advisable.
The therapeutic benefits of a reduction in growth hormone (GH) levels and normalisation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration in female acromegalic patients could potentially restore fertility. Female patients of childbearing potential should be advised to use adequate contraception if necessary during treatment with octreotide (see section 4.6).
Thyroid function should be monitored in patients receiving prolonged treatment with octreotide.
Hepatic function should be monitored during octreotide therapy.
\*\*Cardiovascular related events\*\*
Common cases of bradycardia have been reported. Dose adjustment of medicinal products such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance, may be necessary (see section 4.5).
Atrioventricular blocks (including complete atrioventricular block) were reported in patients receiving high doses of continuous infusion (100 micrograms/hour) and in patients receiving bolus octreotide intravenously (50 micrograms bolus followed by 50 micrograms/hour continuous infusion). The maximum dose of 50 microgram/hour should therefore not be exceeded (see section 4.2). Patients who receive high doses of intravenous octreotide should be kept under appropriate cardiac monitoring.
\*\*Gallbladder and related events\*\*
Cholelithiasis is a very common event during octreotide treatment and may be associated with cholecystitis and biliary duct dilatation (see section 4.8). Additionally, cases of cholangitis have been reported as a complication of cholelithiasis in patients taking octreotide in the post-marketing setting. Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder before, and at about 6- to 12-month intervals during Octreotide therapy is therefore recommended.
\*\*GEP endocrine tumours\*\*
During the treatment of GEP endocrine tumours, there may be rare instances of sudden escape from symptomatic control by octreotide, with rapid recurrence of severe symptoms. If the treatment is stopped, symptoms may worsen or recur.
\*\*Glucose metabolism\*\*
Because of its inhibitory action on growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin, octreotide may affect glucose regulation. Post-prandial glucose tolerance may be impaired and, in some instances, the state of persistent hyperglycaemia may be induced as a result of chronic administration. Hypoglycaemia has also been reported.
In patients with insulinomas, octreotide, because of its greater relative potency in inhibiting the secretion of GH and glucagon than that of insulin, and because of the shorter duration of its inhibitory action on insulin, may increase the depth and prolong the duration of hypoglycaemia. These patients should be closely monitored during initiation of Octreotide therapy and at each change of dosage. Marked fluctuations in blood glucose concentration may possibly be reduced by smaller, more frequently administered doses.
Insulin requirements of patients with type I diabetes mellitus therapy may be reduced by administration of octreotide. In non-diabetics and type II diabetics with partially intact insulin reserves, octreotide administration can result in post-prandial increases in glycaemia. It is therefore recommended to monitor glucose tolerance and antidiabetic treatment.
\*\*Oesophageal varices\*\*
Since, following bleeding episodes from oesophageal varices, there is an increased risk for the development of insulin-dependent diabetes or for changes in insulin requirement in patients with pre-existing diabetes, an appropriate monitoring of blood glucose levels is mandatory.
\*\*Local site reactions\*\*
In a 52-week toxicity study in rats, predominantly in males, sarcomas were noted at the s.c. injection site only at the highest dose (about 8 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). No hyperplastic or neoplastic lesions occurred at the s.c. injection site in a 52-week dog toxicity study. There have been no reports of tumour formation at the injection sites in patients treated with Octreotide for up to 15 years. All the information available at present indicates that the findings in rats are species specific and have no significance for the use of the drug in humans (see section 5.3).
\*\*Nutrition\*\*
Octreotide may alter absorption of dietary fats in some patients.
Depressed vitamin B12 levels and abnormal Schilling's tests have been observed in some patients receiving octreotide therapy. Monitoring of vitamin B12 levels is recommended during therapy with Octreotide in patients who have a history of vitamin B12 deprivation.
\*\*Sodium content\*\*
Octreotide contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per vial, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Dose adjustment of medicinal products such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance may be necessary when Octreotide is administered concomitantly (see section 4.4).
Dose adjustments of insulin and antidiabetic medicinal products may be required when Octreotide is administered concomitantly (see section 4.4).
Octreotide has been found to reduce the intestinal absorption of ciclosporin and to delay that of cimetidine.
Concomitant administration of octreotide and bromocriptine increases the bioavailability of bromocriptine.
Limited published data indicate that somatostatin analogues might decrease the metabolic clearance of compounds known to be metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which may be due to the suppression of growth hormone. Since it cannot be excluded that octreotide may have this effect, other drugs mainly metabolised by CYP3A4 and which have a low therapeutic index should therefore be used with caution (e.g. quinidine, terfenadine).
Concomitant use with radioactive somatostatin analogues
Octreotide and its analogues such as octreotide competitively bind to somatostatin receptors and may interfere with the efficacy of radioactive somatostatin analogues. The administration of octreotide should be avoided for 24 hours prior to the administration of lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide, a radiopharmaceutical binding to somatostatin receptors.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
There is a limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of octreotide in pregnant women, and in approximately one third of the cases the pregnancy outcomes are unknown. The majority of reports were received after post-marketing use of octreotide and more than 50% of exposed pregnancies were reported in patients with acromegaly. Most women were exposed to octreotide during the first trimester of pregnancy at doses ranging from 100-1200 micrograms/day of Octreotide s.c. or 10-40 mg/month of Octreotide LAR. Congenital anomalies were reported in about 4% of pregnancy cases for which the outcome is known. No causal relationship to octreotide is suspected for these cases.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Octreotide during pregnancy (see section 4.4).
\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*
It is unknown whether octreotide is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of octreotide in breast milk. Patients should not breast-feed during Octreotide treatment.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
It is not known whether octreotide has an effect on human fertility. Late descent of the testes was found for male offsprings of dam treated during pregnancy and lactation. Octreotide, however, did not impair fertility in male and female rats at doses of up to 1 mg/kg body weight per day (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Octreotide has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should be advised to be cautious when driving or using machines if they experience dizziness, asthenia/fatigue, or headache during treatment with Octreotide.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Summary of the safety profile\*\*
The most frequent adverse reactions reported during octreotide therapy include gastrointestinal disorders, nervous system disorders, hepatobiliary disorders, and metabolism and nutritional disorders.
The most commonly reported adverse reactions in clinical trials with octreotide administration were diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, headache, cholelithiasis, hyperglycaemia and constipation. Other commonly reported adverse reactions were dizziness, localised pain, biliary sludge, thyroid dysfunction (e.g. decreased thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], decreased total T4, and decreased free T4), loose stools, impaired glucose tolerance, vomiting, asthenia, and hypoglycaemia.
\*\*Tabulated list of adverse reactions\*\*
The following adverse drug reactions, listed in Table 1, have been accumulated from clinical studies with octreotide:
Adverse drug reactions (Table 1) are ranked under heading of frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100, <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000, <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000, <1/1,000) very rare (<1/10,000), including isolated reports. Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are ranked in order of decreasing seriousness
\*\*Table 1 Adverse drug reactions reported in clinical studies\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common: | Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, flatulence. |
| Common: | Dyspepsia, vomiting, abdominal bloating, steatorrhoea, loose stools, discolouration of faeces. |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Very common: | Headache. |
| Common: | Dizziness. |
| \*\*Endocrine disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Hypothyroidism, thyroid disorder (e.g. decreased TSH, decreased total T4, and decreased free T4). |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Very common: | Cholelithiasis. |
| Common: | Cholecystitis, biliary sludge, hyperbilirubinaemia. |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Very common: | Hyperglycaemia. |
| Common: | Hypoglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, anorexia. |
| Uncommon: | Dehydration. |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | |
| Very common: | Injection site reactions. |
| Common: | Asthenia. |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* | |
| Common: | Elevated transaminase levels. |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Pruritus, rash, alopecia. |
| \*\*Respiratory disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Dyspnoea. |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | |
| Common: | Bradycardia. |
| Uncommon: | Tachycardia. |
\*\*Post-marketing\*\*
Spontaneously reported adverse reactions, presented in Table 2, are reported voluntarily and it is not always possible to reliably establish frequency or a causal relationship to drug exposure.
\*\*Table 2 Adverse drug reactions derived from spontaneous reports\*\*
| |
| --- |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* Thrombocytopenia |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* Anaphylaxis, allergy/hypersensitivity reactions. |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* Urticaria |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* Acute pancreatitis, acute hepatitis without cholestasis, cholestatic hepatitis, cholestasis, jaundice, cholestatic jaundice. |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* Arrhythmias. |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* Increased alkaline phosphatase levels, increased gamma glutamyl transferase levels. |
\*\*Description of selected adverse reactions\*\*
\*Gallbladder and related reactions\*
Somatostatin analogues have been shown to inhibit gallbladder contractility and decrease bile secretion, which may lead to gallbladder abnormalities or sludge. Development of gallstones has been reported in 15 to 30% of long-term recipients of s.c. Octreotide. The incidence in the general population (aged 40 to 60 years) is about 5 to 20%. If gallstones do occur, they are usually asymptomatic; symptomatic stones should be treated either by dissolution therapy with bile acids or by surgery.
\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*
In rare instances, gastrointestinal side effects may resemble acute intestinal obstruction, with progressive abdominal distension, severe epigastric pain, abdominal tenderness and guarding.
The frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events is known to decrease over time with continued treatment.
Occurrence of gastrointestinal side-effects may be reduced by avoiding meals around the time of octreotide s.c. administration, that is, by injecting between meals or on retiring to bed.
\*Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions\*
Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions have been reported during post-marketing. When these occur, they mostly affect the skin, rarely the mouth and airways. Isolated cases of anaphylactic shock have been reported.
\*Injection site reactions\*
Pain or a sensation of stinging, tingling or burning at the site of s.c. injection, with redness and swelling, rarely lasting more than 15 minutes. Local discomfort may be reduced by allowing the solution to reach room temperature before injection, or by injecting a smaller volume using a more concentrated solution.
\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*
Although measured faecal fat excretion may increase, there is no evidence to date that long-term treatment with octreotide has led to nutritional deficiency due to malabsorption.
\*Pancreatic enzymes\*
In very rare instances, acute pancreatitis has been reported within the first hours or days of Octreotide s.c. treatment and resolved on withdrawal of the drug. In addition, cholelithiasis-induced pancreatitis has been reported for patients on long-term Octreotide s.c. treatment.
\*Cardiac disorders\*
Bradycardia is a common adverse reaction with somatostatin analogues. In both acromegalic and carcinoid syndrome patients, ECG changes were observed such as QT prolongation, axis shifts, early repolarisation, low voltage, R/S transition, early R wave progression, and non-specific ST-T wave changes. The relationship of these events to octreotide acetate is not established because many of these patients have underlying cardiac diseases (see section 4.4).
\*Thrombocytopenia\*
Thrombocytopenia has been reported during post-marketing experience, particularly during treatment with Octreotide (i.v.) in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. This is reversible after discontinuation of treatment.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
A limited number of accidental overdoses of Octreotide in adults and children have been reported. In adults, the doses ranged from 2,400-6,000 micrograms/day administered by continuous infusion (100-250 micrograms/hour) or subcutaneously (1,500 micrograms three times a day). The adverse events reported were arrhythmia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, brain hypoxia, pancreatitis, hepatic steatosis, diarrhoea, weakness, lethargy, weight loss, hepatomegaly, and lactic acidosis. Atrioventricular blocks (including complete atrioventricular block) were reported in patients receiving 100 micrograms/hour of continuous infusion and/or bolus octreotide intravenously (50 micrograms bolus followed by 50 micrograms/hour continuous infusion).
In children, the doses ranged from 50-3,000 micrograms/day administered by continuous infusion (2.1-500 micrograms/hour) or subcutaneously (50-100 micrograms). The only adverse event reported was mild hyperglycaemia.
No unexpected adverse events have been reported in cancer patients receiving Octreotide at doses of 3,000-30,000 micrograms/day in divided doses subcutaneously.
The management of overdosage is symptomatic.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Somatostatin and analogues, ATC code: H01CB02
Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide derivative of naturally occurring somatostatin with similar pharmacological effects, but with a considerably prolonged duration of action. It inhibits pathologically increased secretion of growth hormone (GH) and of peptides and serotonin produced within the GEP endocrine system.
In animals, octreotide is a more potent inhibitor of GH, glucagon and insulin release than somatostatin is, with greater selectivity for GH and glucagon suppression.
In healthy subjects Octreotide has been shown to inhibit
● release of GH stimulated by arginine, exercise- and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia,
● postprandial release of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, other peptides of the GEP endocrine system, and arginine-stimulated release of insulin and glucagon,
● thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Unlike somatostatin, octreotide inhibits GH secretion preferentially over insulin and its administration is not followed by rebound hypersecretion of hormones (i.e. GH in patients with acromegaly).
In acromegalic patients Octreotide lowers plasma levels of GH and IGF-1. A GH reduction by 50% or more occurs in up to 90% patients, and a reduction of serum GH to <5 ng/mL can be achieved in about half of the cases. In most patients Octreotide markedly reduces the clinical symptoms of the disease, such as headache, skin and soft tissue swelling, hyperhidrosis, arthralgia, paraesthesia. In patients with a large pituitary adenoma, Octreotide treatment may result in some shrinkage of the tumour mass.
In patients with functional tumours of the GEP endocrine system, Octreotide, because of its diverse endocrine effects, modifies a number of clinical features. Clinical improvement and symptomatic benefit occur in patients who still have symptoms related to their tumours despite previous therapies, which may include surgery, hepatic artery embolization, and various chemotherapies, e.g. streptozocin and 5-fluorouracil.
\*\*Octreotide's effects in the different tumour types are as follows\*\*
\*\*Carcinoid tumours\*\*
Administration of Octreotide may result in improvement of symptoms, particularly of flushing and diarrhoea. In many cases, this is accompanied by a fall in plasma serotonin and reduced urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid.
\*\*VIPomas\*\*
The biochemical characteristic of these tumours is overproduction of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In most cases, administration of Octreotide results in alleviation of the severe secretory diarrhoea typical of the condition, with consequent improvement in quality of life. This is accompanied by an improvement in associated electrolyte abnormalities, e.g. hypokalaemia, enabling enteral and parenteral fluid and electrolyte supplementation to be withdrawn. In some patients, computed tomography scanning suggests a slowing or arrest of progression of the tumour, or even tumour shrinkage, particularly of hepatic metastases. Clinical improvement is usually accompanied by a reduction in plasma VIP levels, which may fall into the normal reference range.
\*\*Glucagonomas\*\*
Administration of Octreotide results in most cases in substantial improvement of the necrolytic migratory rash which is characteristic of the condition. The effect of Octreotide on the state of mild diabetes mellitus which frequently occurs is not marked and, in general, does not result in a reduction of requirements for insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents. Octreotide produces improvement of diarrhoea, and hence weight gain, in those patients affected. Although administration of Octreotide often leads to an immediate reduction in plasma glucagon levels, this decrease is generally not maintained over a prolonged period of administration, despite continued symptomatic improvement.
\*\*Gastrinomas/Zollinger-Ellison syndrome\*\*
Therapy with proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blocking agents generally controls gastric acid hypersecretion. However, diarrhoea, which is also a prominent symptom, may not be adequately alleviated by proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blocking agents. Octreotide can help to further reduce gastric acid hypersecretion and improve symptoms, including diarrhoea, as it provides suppression of elevated gastrin levels, in some patients.
\*\*Insulinomas\*\*
Administration of Octreotide produces a fall in circulating immunoreactive insulin, which may, however, be of short duration (about 2 hours). In patients with operable tumours Octreotide may help to restore and maintain normoglycaemia pre-operatively. In patients with inoperable benign or malignant tumours, glycaemic control may be improved without concomitant sustained reduction in circulating insulin levels.
\*\*Complications following pancreatic surgery\*\*
For patients undergoing pancreatic surgery, the peri- and post-operative administration of Octreotide reduces the incidence of typical postoperative complications (e.g. pancreatic fistula, abscess and subsequent sepsis, postoperative acute pancreatitis).
\*\*Bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices\*\*
In patients presenting with bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices due to underlying cirrhosis, Octreotide administration in combination with specific treatment (e.g. sclerotherapy) is associated with better control of bleeding and early re-bleeding, reduced transfusion requirements, and improved 5-day survival. While the precise mode of action of Octreotide is not fully elucidated, it is postulated that Octreotide reduces splanchnic blood flow through inhibition of vaso-active hormones (e.g. VIP, glucagon).
\*\*Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas\*\*
The treatment effects of Octreotide were prospectively observed in 21 patients and pooled with series of 37 published cases. Among 42 patients with evaluable biochemical data, there were 81% of patients (n=34) with satisfactory results (at least 50% reduction of TSH and substantial reduction of thyroid hormones), whereas 67% (n=28) had normalisations of TSH and thyroid hormones. In these patients, the response was maintained throughout the duration of treatment (up to 61 months, mean, 15.7 months).
Regarding clinical symptoms, a clear improvement was reported in 19 out of 32 patients with clinical hyperthyroidism. Tumour volume reduction greater than 20% was observed in 11 cases (41%) with a decrease greater than 50% in 4 cases (15%). The earliest reduction was reported after 14 days of treatment.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*Absorption\*\*
After s.c. injection, Octreotide is rapidly and completely absorbed. Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 30 minutes.
\*\*Distribution\*\*
The volume of distribution is 0.27 L/kg and the total body clearance 160 mL/min. Plasma protein binding amounts to 65%. The amount of Octreotide bound to blood cells is negligible.
\*\*Elimination\*\*
The elimination half-life after s.c. administration is 100 minutes. After i.v. injection, the elimination is biphasic, with half-lives of 10 and 90 minutes. Most of the peptide is eliminated via the faeces, while approximately 32% is excreted unchanged into the urine.
\*\*Special patient population\*\*
Impaired renal function did not affect the total exposure (AUC) to octreotide administered as s.c. injection.
The elimination capacity may be reduced in patients with liver cirrhosis, but not in patients with fatty liver disease.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Acute and repeated dose toxicology, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicology studies in animals revealed no specific safety concerns for humans.
Reproduction studies in animals revealed no evidence of teratogenic, embryo/foetal or other reproduction effects due to octreotide at parental doses of up to 1 mg/kg/day. Some retardation of physiological growth was noted in the offspring of rats which was transient and attributable to GH inhibition brought about by excessive pharmacodynamic activity (see section 4.6).
No specific studies were conducted in juvenile rats. In the pre- and post-natal developmental studies, reduced growth and maturation was observed in the F1 offspring of dams given octreotide during the entire pregnancy and lactation period. Delayed descent of the testes was observed for male F1 offsprings, but fertility of the affected F1 male pups remained normal. Thus, the abovementioned observations were transient and considered to be the consequence of GH inhibition.
\*\*Carcinogenicity/chronic toxicity\*\*
In rats receiving octreotide acetate at daily doses up to 1.25 mg/kg body weight, fibrosarcomas were observed, predominantly in a number of male animals, at the s.c. injection site after 52, 104 and 113/116 weeks. Local tumours also occurred in the control rats, however development of these tumours was attributed to disordered fibroplasia produced by sustained irritant effects at the injection sites, enhanced by the acidic lactic acid/mannitol vehicle. This non-specific tissue reaction appeared to be particular to rats. Neoplastic lesions were not observed either in mice receiving daily s.c. injections of octreotide at doses up to 2 mg/kg for 98 weeks, or in dogs treated with daily s.c. doses of the drug for 52 weeks.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Lactic acid
Mannitol
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (pH adjustment)
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6. Octreotide acetate is not stable in Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) solutions.6.3 Shelf life
36 months
The product should be used immediately after opening.
Octreotide (octreotide acetate) is physically and chemically stable for 24 hours in sterile physiological saline solutions or sterile solutions of dextrose (glucose) 5% in water. However, because Octreotide can affect glucose homeostasis, it is recommended that physiological saline solutions be used rather than dextrose. The diluted solutions are physically and chemically stable for at least 24 hours below 25°C. From a microbiological point of view, the diluted solution should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in the original package in order to protect from light.
Store in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C). Do not freeze.
The vials may be stored below 30°C for up to two weeks.
For storage conditions after dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
2ml clear Type I glass vials, with a grey rubber stopper, aluminium seal and flip-off plastic cap, containing 1 ml of Octreotide solution for injection/infusion.
Each vial contains a clear colourless solution, free from particulate matter.
Pack of 1 vial or 5 vials.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
\*\*Instructions for use and handling\*\*
Single dose vial is for single use only. It should be opened just prior to administration and any unused portion discarded.
\*\*Subcutaneous administration\*\*
Patients who are to self-administer the drug by s.c. injection must receive precise instructions from the physician or nurse.
To reduce local discomfort, it is recommended that the solution should be at room temperature before injection. Multiple injections at short intervals at the same site should be avoided.
\*\*Intravenous infusion\*\*
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for discoloration and particulate matter prior to administration. For intravenous infusion the product must be diluted prior to administration. For intravenous use octreotide should be diluted with sterile physiological saline solutions or sterile solutions of dextrose (glucose) 5% in water to a final concentration range of 7.7 µg/ml to 30 µg/ml. However, because Octreotide can affect glucose homeostasis, it is recommended that physiological saline solutions be used rather than dextrose.
