- Approval Id
- de609fc5cd7ac7f9
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Plegridy 125 micrograms solution for injection in pre-filled syringe
- Drug Name
- Plegridy 125 micrograms solution for injection in pre-filled syringe
- Company Address
- 5 Foundation Park, Roxborough Way, Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL6 3UD, UK
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- 0800 008 7401
- Company Medical Info Email
- MedInfoUKI@biogen.com
- Company Medical Info Fax
- +44 (0)1628 501 010
- Atc Code
- L03AB13
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Biogen Netherlands B.V.
Prins Mauritslaan 13
1171 LP Badhoevedorp
The Netherlands
- Authorisation Number
- PLGB 22407/0016
PLGB 22407/0017
PLGB 22407/0019
- Authorisation Date
- 01/01/2021
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Biogen Netherlands B.V.
Prins Mauritslaan 13
1171 LP Badhoevedorp
The Netherlands
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PLGB 22407/0016
PLGB 22407/0017
PLGB 22407/0019
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 01/01/2021
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Solution for injection (injection).
Clear and colourless solution with pH 4.5-5.1.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Plegridy is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (see section 5.1).4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment should be initiated under supervision of a physician experienced in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Plegridy may be administered subcutaneously (SC) using a single-use pre-filled pen or pre-filled syringe or intramuscularly (IM) using a single use pre-filled syringe.
Efficacy of peginterferon beta‑1a administered subcutaneously has been demonstrated over placebo. Direct comparative data for peginterferon beta‑1a versus non‑pegylated interferon beta or data on efficacy of peginterferon beta‑1a after switching from a non-pegylated interferon beta are not available. This should be considered when switching patients between pegylated and non‑pegylated interferons (see section 5.1).
Posology
The recommended dose of Plegridy is 125 micrograms injected SC or IM every 2 weeks (14 days).
\*Treatment initiation\*
It is generally recommended that patients start SC or IM treatment with 63 micrograms at dose 1 (on day 0), increasing to 94 micrograms at dose 2 (on day 14), reaching the full dose of 125 micrograms by dose 3 (on day 28) and continuing with the full dose (125 micrograms) every 2 weeks (14 days) thereafter (see Table 1a for SC use or Table 1b for IM use).
\*Subcutaneous route\*
An initiation pack is available containing the first 2 doses (63 micrograms and 94 micrograms).
Table 1a: Titration schedule at initiation via SC route
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Time\\* | Amount (micrograms) | Syringe label |
| Dose 1 | Day 0 | 63 | Orange |
| Dose 2 | Day 14 | 94 | Blue |
| Dose 3 | Day 28 | 125 (full dose) | Grey |
\\*Dosed every 2 weeks (14 days)
\*Intramuscular route\*
An administration dose pack contains the full 125 microgram dose in 1 pre-filled syringe.
The Plegridy titration clips, designed for use with the pre-filled syringe are intended to limit the dose that is administered to 63 micrograms (dose 1 (1/2 dose), yellow titration clip) and 94 micrograms (dose 2 (3/4 dose), purple titration clip), for day 0 and day 14 respectively. Each Plegridy titration clip should be used once, and then discarded along with any remaining medicinal product. Patients should use the full dose of 125 micrograms (no clip required) from day 28 onwards (dosing every 14 days).
Table 1b Titration schedule at initiation via IM route
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Time\\* | Amount (micrograms) | Titration clip |
| Dose 1 | Day 0 | 63 | Yellow |
| Dose 2 | Day 14 | 94 | Purple |
| Dose 3 | Day 28 | 125 (full dose) | No clips needed |
\\*Dosed every 2 weeks (14 days)
Dose titration at the initiation of treatment may help to ameliorate flu‑like symptoms that can occur at treatment initiation with interferons. Prophylactic and concurrent use of anti‑inflammatory, analgesic and/or antipyretic treatments may prevent or ameliorate flu‑like symptoms sometimes experienced during interferon treatment (see section 4.8).
Switching between the SC and IM routes of administration and vice versa has not been studied. Based upon bioequivalence demonstrated between the two routes of administration it is not expected that dose titration will be required if switching between SC and IM, or vice versa (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).
If a dose is missed, it should be administered as soon as possible.
• If 7 days or more to the next planned dose: Patients should administer their missed dose immediately. Treatment can then continue with the next scheduled dose as planned.
• If less than 7 days to the next planned dose: Patients should begin a new 2 week dosing schedule starting from when they administer their missed dose. A patient should not administer two doses of peginterferon beta‑1a within 7 days of each other.
Special populations
\*Elderly population\*
The safety and efficacy of peginterferon beta‑1a in patients over the age of 65 have not been sufficiently studied due to the limited number of such patients included in clinical trials.
\*Renal impairment\*
No dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with renal impairment based on study data in mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment and end stage renal disease (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Peginterferon beta‑1a has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment (see section 4.4).
\*Paediatric population\*
The safety and efficacy of peginterferon beta‑1a in children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years have not been established in multiple sclerosis. No data are available.
Method of administration
It is recommended that a healthcare professional trains patients in the proper technique for self—administering SC injections using the SC pre‑filled pen or IM injections using the IM pre-filled syringes as appropriate. Patients should be advised to rotate sites for SC or IM injections every two weeks. The usual sites for subcutaneous injections include abdomen, arm, and thigh. The usual site for intramuscular injection is the thigh.
Each Plegridy pre-filled pen for SC is provided with the needle pre-attached. Plegridy prefilled syringe for IM use is supplied as a prefilled syringe with a separate needle for IM use.
Both IM pre-filled syringes and SC pre-filled pens are for single use only and should be discarded after use.
\*Precautions to be taken before handling or administering the medicinal product\*
Once removed from the refrigerator, Plegridy should be allowed to warm to room temperature (up to 25 °C) for about 30 minutes prior to injection. External heat sources such as hot water must not be used to warm the medicinal product
Plegridy pre‑filled syringe must not be used if the liquid is coloured, cloudy, or contains floating particles. The liquid in the syringe must be clear and colourless.
Plegridy pre‑filled pen must not be used unless the green stripes are visible in the pen injection status window. Plegridy pre‑filled pen must not be used if the liquid is coloured, cloudy, or contains floating particles. The liquid in the medicinal product window must be clear and colourless.4.3 Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to natural or recombinant interferon beta or peginterferon or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
- Patients with current severe depression and/or suicidal ideation (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Traceability
In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Hepatic injury
Elevated serum hepatic transaminase levels, hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis and rare cases of severe hepatic failure have been reported with interferon beta medicinal products. Elevations in hepatic enzymes have been observed with the use of peginterferon beta‑1a. Patients should be monitored for signs of hepatic injury (see section 4.8).
Depression
Peginterferon beta‑1a should be administered with caution to patients with previous depressive disorders (see section 4.3). Depression occurs with increased frequency in the multiple sclerosis population and in association with interferon use. Patients should be advised to immediately report any symptoms of depression and/or suicidal ideation to their prescribing physician.
Patients exhibiting depression should be monitored closely during therapy and treated appropriately. Cessation of therapy with peginterferon beta‑1a should be considered (see section 4.8).
Hypersensitivity reactions
Serious hypersensitivity reactions including cases of anaphylaxis have been reported as a rare complication of treatment with interferon beta, including peginterferon beta‑1a. Patients should be advised to discontinue treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a and seek immediate medical care if they experience signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis or severe hypersensitivity. Treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a should not be restarted (see section 4.8).
Injection site reactions
Injection site reactions, including injection site necrosis, have been reported with the use of subcutaneous interferon beta. To minimise the risk of injection site reactions patients should be instructed in the use of an aseptic injection technique. The procedure for the self‑administration by the patient should be reviewed periodically especially if injection site reactions have occurred. If the patient experiences any break in the skin, which may be accompanied by swelling or drainage of fluid from the injection site, the patient should be advised to speak with their doctor. One patient treated with peginterferon beta‑1a in clinical trials experienced an injection site necrosis with SC peginterferon beta-1a. Whether to discontinue therapy following a single site of necrosis is dependent on the extent of necrosis (see section 4.8).
Decreased peripheral blood counts
Decreased peripheral blood counts in all cell lines, including rare pancytopenia and severe thrombocytopenia, have been reported in patients receiving interferon beta. Cytopenias, including rare severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, have been observed in patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a. Patients should be monitored for symptoms or signs of decreased peripheral blood counts (see section 4.8).
Renal and urinary disorders
\*Nephrotic syndrome (class effects)\*
Cases of nephrotic syndrome with different underlying nephropathies including collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease (MCD), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and membranous glomerulopathy (MGN) have been reported during treatment with interferon‑beta products. Events were reported at various time points during treatment and may occur after several years of treatment with interferon beta. Periodic monitoring of early signs or symptoms, e.g. oedema, proteinuria and impaired renal function is recommended, especially in patients at higher risk of renal disease. Prompt treatment of nephrotic syndrome is required and discontinuation of treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a should be considered.
\*Severe renal impairment\*
Caution should be used when administering peginterferon beta‑1a to patients with severe renal impairment.
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) (class effects)
Cases of TMA, manifested as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), including fatal cases, have been reported with interferon beta products. Events were reported at various time points during treatment and may occur several weeks to several years after starting treatment with interferon beta. Early clinical features include thrombocytopenia, new onset hypertension, fever, central nervous system symptoms (e.g. confusion, paresis) and impaired renal function. Laboratory findings suggestive of TMA include decreased platelet counts, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) due to haemolysis and schistocytes (erythrocyte fragmentation) on a blood film. Therefore if clinical features of TMA are observed, further testing of blood platelet levels, serum LDH, blood films and renal function is recommended. If TMA is diagnosed, prompt treatment is required (considering plasma exchange) and immediate discontinuation of peginterferon beta‑1a is recommended.
Laboratory abnormalities
Laboratory abnormalities are associated with the use of interferons. In addition to those laboratory tests normally required for monitoring patients with multiple sclerosis, complete blood and differential blood cell counts, platelet counts, and blood chemistries, including liver function tests (e.g. aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT)), are recommended prior to initiation and at regular intervals following introduction of peginterferon beta‑1a therapy and then periodically thereafter in the absence of clinical symptoms.
Patients with myelosuppression may require more intensive monitoring of complete blood cell counts, with differential and platelet counts.
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been observed with the use of interferon beta products. Regular thyroid function tests are recommended in patients with a history of thyroid dysfunction or as clinically indicated.
Seizure
Peginterferon beta‑1a should be administered with caution to patients with a history of seizures, to those receiving treatment with anti‑epileptics, particularly if their epilepsy is not adequately controlled with anti‑epileptics (see section 4.8).
Cardiac disease
Worsening of cardiac disease has been reported in patients receiving interferon beta. The incidence of cardiovascular events was similar between peginterferon beta‑1a (125 micrograms every 2 weeks) and placebo treatment groups (7% in each group). No serious cardiovascular events were reported in patients who received peginterferon beta‑1a in the ADVANCE study. Nevertheless, patients with pre-existing‑ significant cardiac disease, such as congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease or arrhythmia should be monitored for worsening of their cardiac condition, particularly during initiation of treatment.
Immunogenicity
Patients may develop antibodies to peginterferon beta‑1a. Data from patients treated up to 2 years with peginterferon beta‑1a administered SC suggests that less than 1% (5/715) developed persistent neutralising‑ antibodies to the interferon beta‑1a portion of peginterferon beta-1a. Neutralising antibodies have the potential to reduce clinical efficacy. However, the development of antibodies against the interferon moiety of peginterferon beta‑1a had no discernible impact on safety or clinical efficacy, although the analysis was limited by the low immunogenicity incidence.
Three percent of patients (18/681) developed persistent antibodies to the PEG moiety of peginterferon beta‑1a. In the clinical study conducted, the development of antibodies against the PEG moiety of peginterferon beta‑1a had no discernible impact on safety, or clinical efficacy (including annualised relapse rate, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions, and disability progression).
Hepatic impairment
Caution should be used and close monitoring considered when administering peginterferon beta‑1a to patients with severe hepatic impairment. Patients should be monitored for signs of hepatic injury and caution exercised when interferons are used concomitantly with other medicinal products associated with hepatic injury (see sections 4.8 and 5.2).
Sodium content
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium, that is to say it is essentially “sodium-free”.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
No interaction studies have been performed. The clinical studies indicate that multiple sclerosis patients can receive peginterferon beta‑1a and corticosteroids during relapses. Interferons have been reported to reduce the activity of hepatic cytochrome P450‑dependent enzymes in humans and animals. Caution should be exercised when peginterferon beta‑1a is administered in combination with medicinal products that have a narrow therapeutic index and are largely dependent on the hepatic cytochrome P450 system for clearance, e.g. some classes of antiepileptics and antidepressants.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
A large amount of data (more than 1,000 pregnancy outcomes) from registries and post-marketing experience indicates no increased risk of major congenital anomalies after pre-conception exposure to interferon beta or such exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy. However, the duration of exposure during the first trimester is uncertain, because data were collected when interferon beta use was contraindicated during pregnancy, and treatment likely interrupted when pregnancy was detected and/or confirmed. Experience with exposure during the second and third trimester is very limited.
Based on animal data (see section 5.3), there is a possibly increased risk for spontaneous abortion. The risk of spontaneous abortions in pregnant women exposed to interferon beta cannot adequately be evaluated based on the currently available data, but the data do not suggest an increased risk so far.
If clinically needed, the use of peginterferon beta‑1ay may be considered during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
Limited information available on the transfer of interferon beta-1a/peginterferon beta-1a into breast milk, together with the chemical / physiological characteristics of interferon beta, suggests that levels of interferon beta-1a/peginterferon beta-1a excreted in human milk are negligible. No harmful effects on the breastfed newborn/infant are anticipated.
Peginterferon beta‑1a can be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility
There are no data on the effects of peginterferon beta-1a on human fertility. In animals, anovulatory effects were observed at very high doses (see section 5.3). No information is available on the effects of peginterferon beta-1a on male fertility in animals.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Peginterferon beta‑1a has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of safety profile
The most common adverse drug reactions (ADR) (at a higher incidence than placebo) for Peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms subcutaneously every 2 weeks were injection site erythema, influenza like illness, pyrexia, headache, myalgia, chills, injection site pain, asthenia, injection site pruritus, and arthralgia.
The most commonly reported adverse reaction leading to discontinuation in patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms subcutaneously every 2 weeks was influenza-like illness (<1%).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions via subcutaneous route of administration
In clinical studies, a total of 1,468 patients received peginterferon beta‑1a SC for up to 278 weeks with an overall exposure equivalent of 4,217 person ‑years. 1,285 patients received at least 1 year, 1,124 patients have received at least 2 years, 947 patients received at least 3 years, and 658 patients received at least 4 years of treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a. The experience in the randomised, uncontrolled phase (year 2) of the ADVANCE study and in the extension study ATTAIN (treatment received for up to 4 years) was consistent with the experience in the 1 year placebo-controlled phase of the ADVANCE study.
Table 2 summarizes ADRs (incidence above placebo and with a reasonable possibility of causality) from 512 patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms SC every 2 weeks and 500 patients who received placebo for up to 48 weeks and post-marketing data.
The ADRs are presented as MedDRA preferred terms under the MedDRA System Organ Class. The incidence of the adverse reactions below are expressed according to the following categories:
- Very common (≥1/10)
- Common (≥1/100 to <1/10)
- Uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100)
- Rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
- Very rare (<1/10,000)
- Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
\*\*Table 2 Tabulated summary of adverse drug reactions\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*MedDRA system organ class\*\* | \*\*Adverse reaction\*\* | \*\*Frequency category\*\* |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Thrombocytopenia | Uncommon |
| Thrombotic microangiopathy including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/haemolytic uraemic syndrome\\* | Rare |
| Immune system disorders | Angioedema | Uncommon |
| Hypersensitivity |
| Anaphylaxis\*\*1\*\* | Not known |
| Psychiatric disorders | Depression | Common |
| Nervous system disorders | Headache | Very common |
| Seizure | Uncommon |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Pulmonary arterial hypertension┼ | Not known |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Nausea | Common |
| Vomiting |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Alopecia$ | Common |
| Pruritus |
| Urticaria | Uncommon |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Myalgia | Very common |
| Arthralgia |
| Renal and urinary disorders | Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulosclerosis | Rare |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Influenza like illness | Very common |
| Pyrexia |
| Chills |
| Injection site erythema |
| Injection site pain |
| Injection site pruritus |
| Asthenia |
| Hyperthermia | Common |
| Injection site inflammation |
| Pain |
| Injection site haematoma |
| Injection site swelling |
| Injection site oedema |
| Injection site rash |
| Injection site warmth |
| Injection site discolouration |
| Injection site necrosis | Rare |
| Investigations | Alanine aminotransferase increased | Common |
| Aspartate aminotransferase increased |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased |
| White blood cell count decreased |
| Haemoglobin decreased |
| Body temperature increased |
| Platelet count decreased | Uncommon |
\\*Class label for interferon beta products (see section 4.4).
┼ Class label for interferon products, see below \*Pulmonary arterial hypertension\*
$ Class label for interferon products
\*\*1\*\* Adverse reactions derived only during post marketing experience
Description of selected adverse reactions via subcutaneous route of administration
\*Flu‑like symptoms\*
Influenza ‑like illness was experienced by 47% of patients receiving peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks and 13% of patients receiving placebo. The incidence of flu‑like symptoms (e.g. influenza ‑like illness, chills, hyperpyrexia, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, pain, pyrexia) was highest at the initiation of treatment and generally decreased over the first 6 months. Of the patients who reported flu-like symptoms 90% reported them as mild or moderate in severity. None were considered serious in nature. Less than 1% of patients who received peginterferon beta‑1a during the placebo-controlled phase of the ADVANCE study discontinued treatment due to flu‑like symptoms. An open ‑label study in patients switching from interferon beta therapy to peginterferon beta‑1a evaluated the onset and duration of prophylactically treated flu‑like symptoms. In patients experiencing flu‑like symptoms, the median time to onset was 10 hours (interquartile range, 7 to 16 hours) after injection, and the median duration was 17 hours (interquartile range, 12 to 22 hours).
\*Injection site reactions (ISRs)\*
ISRs (e.g. injection site erythema, pain, pruritus, or oedema) were reported by 66% of patients who received peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks compared to 11% of patients receiving placebo. Injection site erythema was the most commonly reported injection site reaction. Of the patients who experienced injection site reactions 95% reported them as mild or moderate in severity. One patient out of 1,468 patients who received peginterferon beta‑1a in clinical studies experienced an injection site necrosis which resolved with standard medical treatment.
\*Hepatic transaminase abnormalities\*
The incidence of hepatic transaminase increases was greater in patients receiving peginterferon beta‑1a compared to placebo. The majority of enzyme elevations were <3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Elevations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (>5 times ULN), were reported in 1% and <1% of placebo-treated patients and 2% and <1% of patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a respectively. Elevations of serum hepatic transaminases combined with elevated bilirubin were observed in two patients who had pre‑existing liver test abnormalities prior to receiving peginterferon beta‑1a in the clinical trials. Both cases resolved following discontinuation of the medicinal product.
\*Haematological disorders\*
Decreases in white blood cell (WBC) counts of <3.0 x 109/L were observed in 7% of patients receiving peginterferon beta‑1a and in 1% receiving placebo. Mean WBC counts remained within normal limits in patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a. Decreases in WBC counts were not associated with an increased risk of infections or serious infections. The incidence of potentially clinically significant decreases in lymphocyte counts (<0.5 x 109/L) (<1%), neutrophil counts (≤1.0 x 109/L) (<1%) and platelet counts (≤100 x 109/L) (≤1%) was similar in peginterferon beta‑1a-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients. Two serious cases were reported in patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a: one patient (<1%) experienced severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <10 x 109/L), another patient (<1%) experienced severe neutropenia (neutrophil count <0.5 x 109/L). In both patients, cell counts recovered after discontinuation of peginterferon beta‑1a. Slight decreases in mean red blood cell (RBC) counts were observed in peginterferon beta‑1atreated patients. The incidence of potentially clinically significant decreases in RBC counts (<3.3 x 1012/L) was similar in peginterferon beta‑1a treated patients compared to placebo‑ treated‑ patients.
\*Hypersensitivity reactions\*
Hypersensitivity events were reported in 16% of patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks and 14% of patients who received placebo. Less than 1% of peginterferon beta‑1a treated patients experienced a serious hypersensitivity event (e.g. angioedema, urticaria) and they recovered promptly after treatment with anti-histamines and/or corticosteroids. In post marketing experience, serious hypersensitivity events including cases of anaphylaxis (frequency not known) have been reported following peginterferon beta‑1a administration.
\*Pulmonary arterial hypertension\*
Cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have been reported with interferon beta products. Events were reported at various time points including up to several years after starting treatment with interferon beta.
\*Intramuscular route of administration\*
An open-label, crossover study enrolled 136 subjects to assess the bioequivalence of single doses of 125 micrograms of peginterferon beta‑1a administered SC and IM injection in healthy volunteers. The most commonly reported AEs (with >10% incidence in either arm) across both treatment periods were chills (35.6% in IM vs 26.9% in SC ), pain (22.0% in IM vs 14.2% in SC), injection site pain (11.4% in IM vs 14.9% in SC), injection site erythema (2.3% in IM vs 25.4% in SC ), and headache (35.6% in IM vs 41.0% in SC). Injection site reactions were reported with a lower frequency in IM (14.4%) compared to SC (32.1%).
Abnormal urine protein was reported in 1/130 (0.8%) for the SC arm and 4/131 (3.1%) in the IM group without any associated adverse drug reactions.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme.
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
In case of overdose, patients may be hospitalized for observation and appropriate supportive treatment should be given.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, immunostimulants, interferons, ATC code: L03AB13
Peginterferon beta‑1a is an interferon beta‑1a conjugated with a single, linear molecule of 20,000 Da methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol)‑O‑2‑methylpropionaldehyde (20 kDa mPEG‑O‑2‑methylpropionaldehyde) at a degree of substitution of 1 mole of polymer/mole of protein. The average molecular mass is approximately 44 kDa of which the protein moiety constitutes approximately 23 kDa.
Mechanism of action
A definitive mechanism of action of peginterferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known. peginterferon beta‑1a binds to the type I interferon receptor on the surface of cells and elicits a cascade of intracellular events leading to the regulation of interferon-responsive gene expression. Biological effects that may be mediated by peginterferon beta‑1a include up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL‑4, IL‑10, IL‑27), down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL‑2, IL‑12, IFN‑γ, TNF‑α) and inhibiting the migration of activated T cells across the blood brain barrier; however additional mechanisms may be involved. Whether the mechanism of action of peginterferon beta‑1a in MS is mediated by the same pathway(s) as the biological effects described above is not known because the pathophysiology of MS is only partially understood.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Peginterferon beta‑1a is interferon beta-1a conjugated to a single, linear 20 kDa methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol) molecule at the alpha-amino group of the N‑terminal amino acid residue.
Interferons are a family of naturally occurring proteins that are induced by cells in response to biological and chemical stimuli, and mediate numerous cellular responses that have been classified as antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory in nature. The pharmacological properties of peginterferon beta‑1a are consistent with those of interferon beta‑1a and are believed to be mediated by the protein portion of the molecule.
Pharmacodynamic responses were evaluated by measuring the induction of interferon-responsive genes including those encoding 2′,5′‑oligoadenylate synthetase (2′,5′‑OAS), myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), and several chemokines and cytokines, as well as neopterin (D‑erythro‑1, 2, 3,-trihydroxypropylpterin), a product of the interferon-inducible enzyme, GTP‑cyclohydrolase I. Gene induction in healthy human subjects was greater in terms of peak level and exposure (area under the effect curve) for peginterferon beta‑1a compared to non‑pegylated interferon beta‑1a (IM) when both were given at the same dose by activity (6 MIU). The duration of this response was sustained and prolonged for peginterferon beta‑1a, with elevations detected up to 15 days compared to 4 days for non‑pegylated interferon beta‑1a. Increased concentrations of neopterin were observed in both healthy subjects and multiple sclerosis patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a, with a sustained and prolonged elevation over 10 days compared to 5 days observed for non‑pegylated interferon beta‑1a. Neopterin concentrations return to baseline after the two week dosing interval.
Clinical efficacy and safety via subcutaneous route
The efficacy and safety of peginterferon beta‑1a was assessed from the placebo controlled‑ first year of a 2 year randomised, double-blind, clinical study in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (the ADVANCE study). 1512 patients were randomised to and dosed with 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a injected subcutaneously every 2 (n=512) or 4 (n=500) weeks versus placebo (n=500).
The primary endpoint was the annualised relapse rate (ARR) over 1 year. The study design and patient demographics are presented in Table .3
No data are available from clinical efficacy/safety studies directly comparing pegylated with non‑pegylated interferon beta-1a, or from patients switching between non-pegylated and pegylated interferon.
Table 3: Study design
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Study design\*\* | |
| Disease history | Patients with RRMS, with at least 2 relapses within the prior 3 years, and 1 relapse in the prior year, with an EDSS score of ≤5.0 |
| Follow-up | 1 year |
| Study population | 83% treatment-naïve patients 47% ≥2 relapses in prior year 38% at least 1 Gd+ lesion at baseline 92% ≥9 T2 lesions baseline 16% EDSS ≥4 17% previously treated |
| \*\*Baseline characteristics\*\* | |
| Mean age (years) | 37 |
| Mean/Median disease duration (years) | 3.6/2.0 |
| Mean number of relapses within the past 3 years | 2.5 |
| Mean EDSS score at baseline | 2.5 |
RRMS: relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
EDSS: expanded disability status scale
Gd+: gadolinium-enhancing
Peginterferon beta‑1a every 2 weeks significantly reduced the annualized relapse rate (ARR) by 36% compared to placebo (p=0.0007) at one year (Table 4) with consistent reductions of the ARR noted in subgroups defined by demographic and baseline disease characteristics. peginterferon beta‑1a also significantly reduced the risk of relapse by 39% (p=0.0003), the risk of sustained disability progression confirmed at 12 weeks by 38% (p=0.0383) and at 24 weeks (post-hoc analysis) by 54% (p=0.0069), the number of new or newly enlarging T2 lesions by 67% (p<0.0001), the number of Gd‑enhancing lesions by 86% (p<0.0001) and the number of new T1 hypointense lesions compared to placebo by 53% (p<0.0001). A treatment effect was observed as early as 6 months, with peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks demonstrating a 61% reduction (p<0.0001) in new or newly enlarging T2 lesions as compared with placebo. Across relapse and MRI endpoints peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every two weeks showed a numerically greater treatment effect over the peginterferon beta‑1a every four weeks dosing regimen at year 1.
Results over 2 years confirmed that efficacy was maintained beyond the placebo controlled first year of the study. Patients exposed to peginterferon beta‑1a every 2 weeks showed statistically significant reductions compared to patients exposed to peginterferon beta‑1a every 4 weeks over 2 years in a post-hoc analysis for endpoints including ARR (24%, p=0.0209), the risk of relapse (24%, p=0.0212), the risk of disability progression with 24 week confirmation (36%, p=0.0459), and MRI endpoints (new/enlarging T2 60%, Gd+ 71%, and new T1 hypointense lesions 53%; p<0.0001 for all). In the ATTAIN extension study, long-term efficacy with peginterferon beta‑1a was maintained with continuous treatment up to 4 years as shown by clinical and MRI measures of MS disease activity. Of a total of 1,468 patients, 658 patients continued at least 4 years of treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a.
Results for this study are shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Clinical and MRI results
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Placebo | Peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks | Peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 4 weeks |
| \*\*Clinical endpoints\*\* | | | |
| N | 500 | 512 | 500 |
| Annualised relapse rate | 0.397 | 0.256 | 0.288 |
| Rate ratio 95% CI P-value | | 0.64 0.50 – 0.83 p=0.0007 | 0.72 0.56 – 0.93 p=0.0114 |
| Proportion of subjects relapsed | 0.291 | 0.187 | 0.222 |
| HR 95% CI P-value | | 0.61 0.47 – 0.80 p=0.0003 | 0.74 0.57 – 0.95 p=0.020 |
| Proportion with 12-week confirmed disability progression\\* | 0.105 | 0.068 | 0.068 |
| HR 95% CI P-value | | 0.62 0.40 – 0.97 p=0.0383 | 0.62 0.40 – 0.97 p=0.0380 |
| Proportion with 24-week confirmed disability progression\\* | 0.084 | 0.040 | 0.058 |
| HR 95% CI P-value | | 0.46 (0.26 – 0.81) p=0.0069 | 0.67 (0.41 – 1.10) p=0.1116 |
| \*\*MRI endpoints\*\* | | | |
| N | 476 | 457 | 462 |
| Mean [Median] no. of new or newly enlarging T2 hyperintense lesions (range) | 13.3 [6.0] (0 – 148) | 4.1 [1.0] (0 – 69) | 9.2 [3.0] (0 – 113) |
| Lesion mean ratio (95% CI) P-value | | 0.33 (0.27, 0.40) p≤0.0001 | 0.72 (0.60, 0.87) p=0.0008 |
| Mean [Median] no. of Gd-enhancing lesions (range) | 1.4^ [0.0] (0 – 39) | 0.2 [0.0] (0 – 13) | 0.9 [0.0] (0 – 41) |
| % reduction vs placebo P-value | | 86 p<0.0001 | 36 p=0.0738 |
| Mean [Median] no. of new T1 hypointense lesions (range) | 3.8 [1.0] (0 – 56) | 1.8 [0.0] (0 – 39) | 3.1 [1.0] (0 – 61) |
| % reduction vs placebo P-value | | 53 p<0.0001 | 18 0.0815 |
HR: hazard ratio
CI: confidence interval
\\* Sustained disability progression was defined as at least a 1 point increase from baseline EDSS ≥ 1 or 1.5 point increase for patients with baseline EDSS of 0, sustained for 12/24 weeks.
^n=477
Patients who failed previous MS treatment were not included in the study.
Subgroups of patients with higher disease activity were defined by relapse and MRI criteria as reported below, with the following efficacy results:
- For patients with ≥1 relapse in the previous year and ≥9 T2 lesions or ≥1 Gd+ lesion (n=1,401), the annual relapse rate at 1 year was 0.39 for placebo, 0.29 for peginterferon beta‑1a every 4 weeks and 0.25 for peginterferon beta‑1a every 2 weeks.
Results in this subgroup were consistent with those in the overall population.
- For patients with ≥2 relapses in the previous year and at least 1 Gd+ lesion (n=273), the annual relapse rate at 1 year was 0.47 for placebo, 0.35 for peginterferon beta‑1a every 4 weeks, and 0.33 for peginterferon beta‑1a every 2 weeks.
Results in this subgroup were numerically consistent with those in the overall population but not statistically significant.
\*IM and SC bioequivalence study\*
An -open-label, crossover study enrolled 136 subjects to assess the bioequivalence of single doses of 125 micrograms of Plegridy administered SC and IM injection in healthy volunteers.
The serum concentration of neopterin, a marker of interferon beta activity, following administration of 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a IM and SC was measured for pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis.
The serum neopterin concentration versus time profiles following single doses of 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a SC or 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a IM were similar, with maximal concentrations (Epeak) reached at a median ETmax of 40.1 hours and 44.0 hours, respectively. Geometric mean neopterin levels increased from baseline to maximum concentration similarly between the 2 injection routes, with the increase from 8.0 to 22.6 nmol/L for SC, and from 8.1 to 23.2 nmol/L for IM. The overall systemic exposure to neopterin (EAUC0 336h and EAUC0-504h) were also similar between the 2 routes of administration.
Since bioequivalence was demonstrated between the IM and SC routes of administration, it is expected that IM and SC peginterferon beta-1a will have a similar efficacy profile.
Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Plegridy in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in treatment of multiple sclerosis (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The serum half-life of peginterferon beta‑1a is prolonged compared with non‑pegylated interferon beta‑1a. Serum concentration of peginterferon beta‑1a was dose-proportional in the range of 63 to 188 micrograms as observed in a single dose and a multiple dose study in healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetics observed in multiple sclerosis patients were consistent with those seen in healthy subjects.
Absorption
Following subcutaneous administration of peginterferon beta‑1a in multiple sclerosis patients, the peak concentration was reached between 1 to 1.5 days post‑dose. The observed Cmax (mean±SE) was 280 ± 79 pg/mL following repeat dosing of 125 micrograms every two weeks.
Subcutaneous peginterferon beta‑1a resulted in approximately 4‑, 9‑, and 13‑fold higher exposure (AUC168h) values and approximately 2‑, 3.5‑ and 5‑fold higher Cmax, following single doses of 63 (6 MIU), 125 (12 MIU), and 188 (18 MIU) micrograms respectively, compared to intramuscular administration of 30 (6 MIU) micrograms non‑pegylated beta‑1a.
Distribution
Following repeat dosing of 125 micrograms doses every two weeks by subcutaneous administration, the volume of distribution uncorrected for bioavailability (mean±SE) was 481 ± 105 L.
Biotransformation and elimination
Urinary (renal) clearance is postulated to be a major excretory pathway for peginterferon beta‑1a. The process of covalently conjugating a PEG moiety to a protein can alter the \*in vivo\* properties of the unmodified protein, including decreased renal clearance and decreased proteolysis thus extending the circulating half‑life. Accordingly, the half-life (t1/2) of peginterferon beta‑1a is approximately 2‑fold longer than non‑pegylated interferon beta-1a in healthy volunteers. In multiple sclerosis patients, the t1/2 (mean±SE) of peginterferon beta-1a was 78 ± 15 hours at steady state. The mean steady state clearance of peginterferon beta‑1a was 4.1 ± 0.4 L/hr.
Special populations
\*Elderly patients\*
Clinical experience in patients aged above 65 years is limited. However, results from a population pharmacokinetic analysis (in patients up to 65 years) suggest that age does not impact peginterferon beta‑1a clearance.
\*Renal impairment\*
A single‑dose study in healthy subjects and subjects with various degrees of renal impairment (mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment as well as subjects with end state renal disease) showed a fractional increase in AUC (13‑62%) and Cmax (42‑71%) in subjects with mild (estimated glomerular filtration rate 50 to ≤80 mL/min/1.73m2), moderate (estimated glomerular filtration rate 30 to <50 mL/min/1.73m2), and severe (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73m2) renal impairment, compared to subjects with normal renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate >80 mL/min/1.73m2). Subjects with end stage renal disease requiring 2‑3 times haemodialysis weekly showed similar AUC and Cmax as compared to subjects with normal renal function. Each haemodialysis reduced peginterferon beta‑1a concentration by approximately 24%, suggesting that haemodialysis partially removes peginterferon beta‑1a from systemic circulation.
\*Hepatic function\*
The pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta‑1a has not been evaluated in patients with hepatic insufficiency.
\*Gender\*
No gender effect on the pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta‑1a was found in a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
\*Race\*
Race had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta‑1a in a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
\*IM and SC bioequivalence study\*
The pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles following single doses of 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a IM and 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a SC in healthy volunteers were similar, with maximal concentrations reached at 40.0 hours post-dose (for both SC and IM), and t1/2 values of 97.1 hours and 79.1 hours, respectively. Statistical analysis of Cmax and AUC∞ further demonstrated bioequivalence between 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a IM and SC. The geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) of IM versus SC for Cmax was 1.08 (0.98 to 1.20) and 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16) for AUC∞. These values fall within the designated 0.80 to 1.25 equivalence range.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Toxicity
Following repeated subcutaneous administration of peginterferon beta‑1a in rhesus monkeys at doses up to 400‑fold (based on exposure, AUC) the recommended therapeutic dose; no effects other than the known mild pharmacological responses by rhesus monkeys to interferon beta‑1a were observed after the first and second weekly dose. Repeated dose toxicology studies were limited to 5 weeks as exposure was greatly diminished from 3 weeks onwards, due to the formation of anti-drug antibodies by rhesus monkeys to human interferon beta‑1a. Therefore, the long-term safety of chronic administration of peginterferon beta‑1a to patients cannot be assessed on the basis of these studies.
Mutagenesis
Peginterferon beta‑1a was not mutagenic when tested in an \*in vitro\* bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test and was not clastogenic in an \*in vitro\* assay in human lymphocytes.
Carcinogenesis
Peginterferon beta‑1a has not been tested for carcinogenicity in animals. Based on the known pharmacology of interferon beta‑1a and clinical experience with interferon beta, the potential for carcinogenicity is expected to be low.
Reproductive toxicity
Peginterferon beta‑1a has not been tested for reproductive toxicity in pregnant animals. Fertility and developmental studies in rhesus monkeys have been carried out with non-pegylated interferon beta‑1a. At very high doses, anovulatory and abortifacient effects were observed in animals. No information is available on the potential effects of peginterferon beta-1a on male fertility. Upon repeated dosing with peginterferon beta-1a of sexually mature female monkeys, effects on menstrual cycle length and progesterone levels were observed. Reversibility of the effects on menstrual cycle length was demonstrated. The validity of extrapolating these non‑clinical data to humans is unknown.
Data from studies with other interferon beta compounds did not show teratogenic potential. The available information on the effects of interferon beta-1a in the peri- and postnatal periods is limited.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Sodium acetate trihydrate
Acetic acid, glacial
Arginine hydrochloride
Polysorbate 20
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years.
Plegridy for SC or IM administration can be stored at room temperature (up to 25 °C) for up to 30 days as long as it is stored away from light. If Plegridy is at room temperature for a total of 30 days, it should be used or discarded. If it is not clear if Plegridy has been stored at room temperature 30 days or more, it should be discarded.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in a refrigerator (2 °C to 8 °C).
Do not freeze.
Store in the original package in order to protect from light.
See section 6.3 for additional information on storage at room temperature.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Ppre-filled pen (subcutaneous)
A pre‑filled syringe of Plegridy is contained within a single‑use, disposable, spring-powered pen injector called Plegridy Pen. The syringe inside the pen is a 1 mL pre‑filled syringe made of glass (Type I) with a bromobutyl rubber stopper and thermoplastic and polypropylene rigid needle shield, containing 0.5 mL of solution. A 29 gauge, 0.5 inch staked needle is pre‑affixed to the syringe.
Pack sizes
The Plegridy Pen initiation pack contains 1x 63 micrograms pre‑filled pen (orange labelled pen, 1st dose) and 1x 94 micrograms pre‑filled pen (blue labelled pen, 2nd dose) in a protective plastic tray.
Box of two 125 microgram pre‑filled pens (grey labelled pens) in a protective plastic tray.
Multipacks containing 6 (3 packs of 2) 125 microgram pre‑filled pens (grey labelled pens). The pack contains 3 inner cartons. Each inner carton contains 2 pens in a protective plastic tray.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
\*Pre-filled syringe (intramuscular)\*
1 mL pre‑filled Luer-Lok syringe made of glass (Type I) with a bromobutyl rubber stopper containing 0.5 mL of solution and supplied with a 23 gauge, 1.25 inch needle. A single pre-filled syringe contains 0.5 mL of solution of Plegridy containing 125 micrograms of peginterferon beta-1a.
Box of two or six 125 microgram pre‑filled syringes in sealed plastic trays.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Plegridy prefilled syringes (for IM administration) and pen (for SC administration) are for single-use only.
Before use check the dosage form to be used. It should not have any cracks or damage and the solution should be clear, colourless and not have any particles in it.
Once removed from the refrigerator, the Plegridy pre-filled syringe or pen to be used should be allowed to warm to room temperature (15°C to 30°C) for about 30 minutes.
Do not use external heat sources such as hot water to warm the Plegridy pre-filled syringe or pen Titration of Plegridy doses for patients initiating treatment is described in section 4.2.
\*Pre-filled pen (subcutaneous)\*
Patients initiating treatment with Plegridy via SC administration should use initiation packs.
\*Pre-filled syringe (intramuscular)\*
Patients initiating treatment with Plegridy via IM administration should use Plegridy Titration clips which may be attached to the syringe to limit the dose.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Pharmaceutical Form
Solution for injection (injection).
Clear and colourless solution with pH 4.5-5.1.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Plegridy is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (see section 5.1).4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment should be initiated under supervision of a physician experienced in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Plegridy may be administered subcutaneously (SC) using a single-use pre-filled pen or pre-filled syringe or intramuscularly (IM) using a single use pre-filled syringe.
Efficacy of peginterferon beta‑1a administered subcutaneously has been demonstrated over placebo. Direct comparative data for peginterferon beta‑1a versus non‑pegylated interferon beta or data on efficacy of peginterferon beta‑1a after switching from a non-pegylated interferon beta are not available. This should be considered when switching patients between pegylated and non‑pegylated interferons (see section 5.1).
Posology
The recommended dose of Plegridy is 125 micrograms injected SC or IM every 2 weeks (14 days).
\*Treatment initiation\*
It is generally recommended that patients start SC or IM treatment with 63 micrograms at dose 1 (on day 0), increasing to 94 micrograms at dose 2 (on day 14), reaching the full dose of 125 micrograms by dose 3 (on day 28) and continuing with the full dose (125 micrograms) every 2 weeks (14 days) thereafter (see Table 1a for SC use or Table 1b for IM use).
\*Subcutaneous route\*
An initiation pack is available containing the first 2 doses (63 micrograms and 94 micrograms).
Table 1a: Titration schedule at initiation via SC route
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Time\\* | Amount (micrograms) | Syringe label |
| Dose 1 | Day 0 | 63 | Orange |
| Dose 2 | Day 14 | 94 | Blue |
| Dose 3 | Day 28 | 125 (full dose) | Grey |
\\*Dosed every 2 weeks (14 days)
\*Intramuscular route\*
An administration dose pack contains the full 125 microgram dose in 1 pre-filled syringe.
The Plegridy titration clips, designed for use with the pre-filled syringe are intended to limit the dose that is administered to 63 micrograms (dose 1 (1/2 dose), yellow titration clip) and 94 micrograms (dose 2 (3/4 dose), purple titration clip), for day 0 and day 14 respectively. Each Plegridy titration clip should be used once, and then discarded along with any remaining medicinal product. Patients should use the full dose of 125 micrograms (no clip required) from day 28 onwards (dosing every 14 days).
Table 1b Titration schedule at initiation via IM route
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Time\\* | Amount (micrograms) | Titration clip |
| Dose 1 | Day 0 | 63 | Yellow |
| Dose 2 | Day 14 | 94 | Purple |
| Dose 3 | Day 28 | 125 (full dose) | No clips needed |
\\*Dosed every 2 weeks (14 days)
Dose titration at the initiation of treatment may help to ameliorate flu‑like symptoms that can occur at treatment initiation with interferons. Prophylactic and concurrent use of anti‑inflammatory, analgesic and/or antipyretic treatments may prevent or ameliorate flu‑like symptoms sometimes experienced during interferon treatment (see section 4.8).
Switching between the SC and IM routes of administration and vice versa has not been studied. Based upon bioequivalence demonstrated between the two routes of administration it is not expected that dose titration will be required if switching between SC and IM, or vice versa (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).
If a dose is missed, it should be administered as soon as possible.
• If 7 days or more to the next planned dose: Patients should administer their missed dose immediately. Treatment can then continue with the next scheduled dose as planned.
• If less than 7 days to the next planned dose: Patients should begin a new 2 week dosing schedule starting from when they administer their missed dose. A patient should not administer two doses of peginterferon beta‑1a within 7 days of each other.
Special populations
\*Elderly population\*
The safety and efficacy of peginterferon beta‑1a in patients over the age of 65 have not been sufficiently studied due to the limited number of such patients included in clinical trials.
\*Renal impairment\*
No dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with renal impairment based on study data in mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment and end stage renal disease (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Peginterferon beta‑1a has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment (see section 4.4).
\*Paediatric population\*
The safety and efficacy of peginterferon beta‑1a in children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years have not been established in multiple sclerosis. No data are available.
Method of administration
It is recommended that a healthcare professional trains patients in the proper technique for self—administering SC injections using the SC pre‑filled pen or IM injections using the IM pre-filled syringes as appropriate. Patients should be advised to rotate sites for SC or IM injections every two weeks. The usual sites for subcutaneous injections include abdomen, arm, and thigh. The usual site for intramuscular injection is the thigh.
Each Plegridy pre-filled pen for SC is provided with the needle pre-attached. Plegridy prefilled syringe for IM use is supplied as a prefilled syringe with a separate needle for IM use.
Both IM pre-filled syringes and SC pre-filled pens are for single use only and should be discarded after use.
\*Precautions to be taken before handling or administering the medicinal product\*
Once removed from the refrigerator, Plegridy should be allowed to warm to room temperature (up to 25 °C) for about 30 minutes prior to injection. External heat sources such as hot water must not be used to warm the medicinal product
Plegridy pre‑filled syringe must not be used if the liquid is coloured, cloudy, or contains floating particles. The liquid in the syringe must be clear and colourless.
Plegridy pre‑filled pen must not be used unless the green stripes are visible in the pen injection status window. Plegridy pre‑filled pen must not be used if the liquid is coloured, cloudy, or contains floating particles. The liquid in the medicinal product window must be clear and colourless.4.3 Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to natural or recombinant interferon beta or peginterferon or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
- Patients with current severe depression and/or suicidal ideation (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Traceability
In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Hepatic injury
Elevated serum hepatic transaminase levels, hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis and rare cases of severe hepatic failure have been reported with interferon beta medicinal products. Elevations in hepatic enzymes have been observed with the use of peginterferon beta‑1a. Patients should be monitored for signs of hepatic injury (see section 4.8).
Depression
Peginterferon beta‑1a should be administered with caution to patients with previous depressive disorders (see section 4.3). Depression occurs with increased frequency in the multiple sclerosis population and in association with interferon use. Patients should be advised to immediately report any symptoms of depression and/or suicidal ideation to their prescribing physician.
Patients exhibiting depression should be monitored closely during therapy and treated appropriately. Cessation of therapy with peginterferon beta‑1a should be considered (see section 4.8).
Hypersensitivity reactions
Serious hypersensitivity reactions including cases of anaphylaxis have been reported as a rare complication of treatment with interferon beta, including peginterferon beta‑1a. Patients should be advised to discontinue treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a and seek immediate medical care if they experience signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis or severe hypersensitivity. Treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a should not be restarted (see section 4.8).
Injection site reactions
Injection site reactions, including injection site necrosis, have been reported with the use of subcutaneous interferon beta. To minimise the risk of injection site reactions patients should be instructed in the use of an aseptic injection technique. The procedure for the self‑administration by the patient should be reviewed periodically especially if injection site reactions have occurred. If the patient experiences any break in the skin, which may be accompanied by swelling or drainage of fluid from the injection site, the patient should be advised to speak with their doctor. One patient treated with peginterferon beta‑1a in clinical trials experienced an injection site necrosis with SC peginterferon beta-1a. Whether to discontinue therapy following a single site of necrosis is dependent on the extent of necrosis (see section 4.8).
Decreased peripheral blood counts
Decreased peripheral blood counts in all cell lines, including rare pancytopenia and severe thrombocytopenia, have been reported in patients receiving interferon beta. Cytopenias, including rare severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, have been observed in patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a. Patients should be monitored for symptoms or signs of decreased peripheral blood counts (see section 4.8).
Renal and urinary disorders
\*Nephrotic syndrome (class effects)\*
Cases of nephrotic syndrome with different underlying nephropathies including collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease (MCD), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and membranous glomerulopathy (MGN) have been reported during treatment with interferon‑beta products. Events were reported at various time points during treatment and may occur after several years of treatment with interferon beta. Periodic monitoring of early signs or symptoms, e.g. oedema, proteinuria and impaired renal function is recommended, especially in patients at higher risk of renal disease. Prompt treatment of nephrotic syndrome is required and discontinuation of treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a should be considered.
\*Severe renal impairment\*
Caution should be used when administering peginterferon beta‑1a to patients with severe renal impairment.
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) (class effects)
Cases of TMA, manifested as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), including fatal cases, have been reported with interferon beta products. Events were reported at various time points during treatment and may occur several weeks to several years after starting treatment with interferon beta. Early clinical features include thrombocytopenia, new onset hypertension, fever, central nervous system symptoms (e.g. confusion, paresis) and impaired renal function. Laboratory findings suggestive of TMA include decreased platelet counts, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) due to haemolysis and schistocytes (erythrocyte fragmentation) on a blood film. Therefore if clinical features of TMA are observed, further testing of blood platelet levels, serum LDH, blood films and renal function is recommended. If TMA is diagnosed, prompt treatment is required (considering plasma exchange) and immediate discontinuation of peginterferon beta‑1a is recommended.
Laboratory abnormalities
Laboratory abnormalities are associated with the use of interferons. In addition to those laboratory tests normally required for monitoring patients with multiple sclerosis, complete blood and differential blood cell counts, platelet counts, and blood chemistries, including liver function tests (e.g. aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT)), are recommended prior to initiation and at regular intervals following introduction of peginterferon beta‑1a therapy and then periodically thereafter in the absence of clinical symptoms.
Patients with myelosuppression may require more intensive monitoring of complete blood cell counts, with differential and platelet counts.
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been observed with the use of interferon beta products. Regular thyroid function tests are recommended in patients with a history of thyroid dysfunction or as clinically indicated.
Seizure
Peginterferon beta‑1a should be administered with caution to patients with a history of seizures, to those receiving treatment with anti‑epileptics, particularly if their epilepsy is not adequately controlled with anti‑epileptics (see section 4.8).
Cardiac disease
Worsening of cardiac disease has been reported in patients receiving interferon beta. The incidence of cardiovascular events was similar between peginterferon beta‑1a (125 micrograms every 2 weeks) and placebo treatment groups (7% in each group). No serious cardiovascular events were reported in patients who received peginterferon beta‑1a in the ADVANCE study. Nevertheless, patients with pre-existing‑ significant cardiac disease, such as congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease or arrhythmia should be monitored for worsening of their cardiac condition, particularly during initiation of treatment.
Immunogenicity
Patients may develop antibodies to peginterferon beta‑1a. Data from patients treated up to 2 years with peginterferon beta‑1a administered SC suggests that less than 1% (5/715) developed persistent neutralising‑ antibodies to the interferon beta‑1a portion of peginterferon beta-1a. Neutralising antibodies have the potential to reduce clinical efficacy. However, the development of antibodies against the interferon moiety of peginterferon beta‑1a had no discernible impact on safety or clinical efficacy, although the analysis was limited by the low immunogenicity incidence.
Three percent of patients (18/681) developed persistent antibodies to the PEG moiety of peginterferon beta‑1a. In the clinical study conducted, the development of antibodies against the PEG moiety of peginterferon beta‑1a had no discernible impact on safety, or clinical efficacy (including annualised relapse rate, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions, and disability progression).
Hepatic impairment
Caution should be used and close monitoring considered when administering peginterferon beta‑1a to patients with severe hepatic impairment. Patients should be monitored for signs of hepatic injury and caution exercised when interferons are used concomitantly with other medicinal products associated with hepatic injury (see sections 4.8 and 5.2).
Sodium content
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium, that is to say it is essentially “sodium-free”.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
No interaction studies have been performed. The clinical studies indicate that multiple sclerosis patients can receive peginterferon beta‑1a and corticosteroids during relapses. Interferons have been reported to reduce the activity of hepatic cytochrome P450‑dependent enzymes in humans and animals. Caution should be exercised when peginterferon beta‑1a is administered in combination with medicinal products that have a narrow therapeutic index and are largely dependent on the hepatic cytochrome P450 system for clearance, e.g. some classes of antiepileptics and antidepressants.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
A large amount of data (more than 1,000 pregnancy outcomes) from registries and post-marketing experience indicates no increased risk of major congenital anomalies after pre-conception exposure to interferon beta or such exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy. However, the duration of exposure during the first trimester is uncertain, because data were collected when interferon beta use was contraindicated during pregnancy, and treatment likely interrupted when pregnancy was detected and/or confirmed. Experience with exposure during the second and third trimester is very limited.
Based on animal data (see section 5.3), there is a possibly increased risk for spontaneous abortion. The risk of spontaneous abortions in pregnant women exposed to interferon beta cannot adequately be evaluated based on the currently available data, but the data do not suggest an increased risk so far.
If clinically needed, the use of peginterferon beta‑1ay may be considered during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
Limited information available on the transfer of interferon beta-1a/peginterferon beta-1a into breast milk, together with the chemical / physiological characteristics of interferon beta, suggests that levels of interferon beta-1a/peginterferon beta-1a excreted in human milk are negligible. No harmful effects on the breastfed newborn/infant are anticipated.
Peginterferon beta‑1a can be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility
There are no data on the effects of peginterferon beta-1a on human fertility. In animals, anovulatory effects were observed at very high doses (see section 5.3). No information is available on the effects of peginterferon beta-1a on male fertility in animals.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Peginterferon beta‑1a has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of safety profile
The most common adverse drug reactions (ADR) (at a higher incidence than placebo) for Peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms subcutaneously every 2 weeks were injection site erythema, influenza like illness, pyrexia, headache, myalgia, chills, injection site pain, asthenia, injection site pruritus, and arthralgia.
The most commonly reported adverse reaction leading to discontinuation in patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms subcutaneously every 2 weeks was influenza-like illness (<1%).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions via subcutaneous route of administration
In clinical studies, a total of 1,468 patients received peginterferon beta‑1a SC for up to 278 weeks with an overall exposure equivalent of 4,217 person ‑years. 1,285 patients received at least 1 year, 1,124 patients have received at least 2 years, 947 patients received at least 3 years, and 658 patients received at least 4 years of treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a. The experience in the randomised, uncontrolled phase (year 2) of the ADVANCE study and in the extension study ATTAIN (treatment received for up to 4 years) was consistent with the experience in the 1 year placebo-controlled phase of the ADVANCE study.
Table 2 summarizes ADRs (incidence above placebo and with a reasonable possibility of causality) from 512 patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms SC every 2 weeks and 500 patients who received placebo for up to 48 weeks and post-marketing data.
The ADRs are presented as MedDRA preferred terms under the MedDRA System Organ Class. The incidence of the adverse reactions below are expressed according to the following categories:
- Very common (≥1/10)
- Common (≥1/100 to <1/10)
- Uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100)
- Rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
- Very rare (<1/10,000)
- Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
\*\*Table 2 Tabulated summary of adverse drug reactions\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*MedDRA system organ class\*\* | \*\*Adverse reaction\*\* | \*\*Frequency category\*\* |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Thrombocytopenia | Uncommon |
| Thrombotic microangiopathy including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/haemolytic uraemic syndrome\\* | Rare |
| Immune system disorders | Angioedema | Uncommon |
| Hypersensitivity |
| Anaphylaxis\*\*1\*\* | Not known |
| Psychiatric disorders | Depression | Common |
| Nervous system disorders | Headache | Very common |
| Seizure | Uncommon |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Pulmonary arterial hypertension┼ | Not known |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Nausea | Common |
| Vomiting |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Alopecia$ | Common |
| Pruritus |
| Urticaria | Uncommon |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Myalgia | Very common |
| Arthralgia |
| Renal and urinary disorders | Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulosclerosis | Rare |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Influenza like illness | Very common |
| Pyrexia |
| Chills |
| Injection site erythema |
| Injection site pain |
| Injection site pruritus |
| Asthenia |
| Hyperthermia | Common |
| Injection site inflammation |
| Pain |
| Injection site haematoma |
| Injection site swelling |
| Injection site oedema |
| Injection site rash |
| Injection site warmth |
| Injection site discolouration |
| Injection site necrosis | Rare |
| Investigations | Alanine aminotransferase increased | Common |
| Aspartate aminotransferase increased |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased |
| White blood cell count decreased |
| Haemoglobin decreased |
| Body temperature increased |
| Platelet count decreased | Uncommon |
\\*Class label for interferon beta products (see section 4.4).
┼ Class label for interferon products, see below \*Pulmonary arterial hypertension\*
$ Class label for interferon products
\*\*1\*\* Adverse reactions derived only during post marketing experience
Description of selected adverse reactions via subcutaneous route of administration
\*Flu‑like symptoms\*
Influenza ‑like illness was experienced by 47% of patients receiving peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks and 13% of patients receiving placebo. The incidence of flu‑like symptoms (e.g. influenza ‑like illness, chills, hyperpyrexia, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, pain, pyrexia) was highest at the initiation of treatment and generally decreased over the first 6 months. Of the patients who reported flu-like symptoms 90% reported them as mild or moderate in severity. None were considered serious in nature. Less than 1% of patients who received peginterferon beta‑1a during the placebo-controlled phase of the ADVANCE study discontinued treatment due to flu‑like symptoms. An open ‑label study in patients switching from interferon beta therapy to peginterferon beta‑1a evaluated the onset and duration of prophylactically treated flu‑like symptoms. In patients experiencing flu‑like symptoms, the median time to onset was 10 hours (interquartile range, 7 to 16 hours) after injection, and the median duration was 17 hours (interquartile range, 12 to 22 hours).
\*Injection site reactions (ISRs)\*
ISRs (e.g. injection site erythema, pain, pruritus, or oedema) were reported by 66% of patients who received peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks compared to 11% of patients receiving placebo. Injection site erythema was the most commonly reported injection site reaction. Of the patients who experienced injection site reactions 95% reported them as mild or moderate in severity. One patient out of 1,468 patients who received peginterferon beta‑1a in clinical studies experienced an injection site necrosis which resolved with standard medical treatment.
\*Hepatic transaminase abnormalities\*
The incidence of hepatic transaminase increases was greater in patients receiving peginterferon beta‑1a compared to placebo. The majority of enzyme elevations were <3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Elevations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (>5 times ULN), were reported in 1% and <1% of placebo-treated patients and 2% and <1% of patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a respectively. Elevations of serum hepatic transaminases combined with elevated bilirubin were observed in two patients who had pre‑existing liver test abnormalities prior to receiving peginterferon beta‑1a in the clinical trials. Both cases resolved following discontinuation of the medicinal product.
\*Haematological disorders\*
Decreases in white blood cell (WBC) counts of <3.0 x 109/L were observed in 7% of patients receiving peginterferon beta‑1a and in 1% receiving placebo. Mean WBC counts remained within normal limits in patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a. Decreases in WBC counts were not associated with an increased risk of infections or serious infections. The incidence of potentially clinically significant decreases in lymphocyte counts (<0.5 x 109/L) (<1%), neutrophil counts (≤1.0 x 109/L) (<1%) and platelet counts (≤100 x 109/L) (≤1%) was similar in peginterferon beta‑1a-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients. Two serious cases were reported in patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a: one patient (<1%) experienced severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <10 x 109/L), another patient (<1%) experienced severe neutropenia (neutrophil count <0.5 x 109/L). In both patients, cell counts recovered after discontinuation of peginterferon beta‑1a. Slight decreases in mean red blood cell (RBC) counts were observed in peginterferon beta‑1atreated patients. The incidence of potentially clinically significant decreases in RBC counts (<3.3 x 1012/L) was similar in peginterferon beta‑1a treated patients compared to placebo‑ treated‑ patients.
\*Hypersensitivity reactions\*
Hypersensitivity events were reported in 16% of patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks and 14% of patients who received placebo. Less than 1% of peginterferon beta‑1a treated patients experienced a serious hypersensitivity event (e.g. angioedema, urticaria) and they recovered promptly after treatment with anti-histamines and/or corticosteroids. In post marketing experience, serious hypersensitivity events including cases of anaphylaxis (frequency not known) have been reported following peginterferon beta‑1a administration.
\*Pulmonary arterial hypertension\*
Cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have been reported with interferon beta products. Events were reported at various time points including up to several years after starting treatment with interferon beta.
\*Intramuscular route of administration\*
An open-label, crossover study enrolled 136 subjects to assess the bioequivalence of single doses of 125 micrograms of peginterferon beta‑1a administered SC and IM injection in healthy volunteers. The most commonly reported AEs (with >10% incidence in either arm) across both treatment periods were chills (35.6% in IM vs 26.9% in SC ), pain (22.0% in IM vs 14.2% in SC), injection site pain (11.4% in IM vs 14.9% in SC), injection site erythema (2.3% in IM vs 25.4% in SC ), and headache (35.6% in IM vs 41.0% in SC). Injection site reactions were reported with a lower frequency in IM (14.4%) compared to SC (32.1%).
Abnormal urine protein was reported in 1/130 (0.8%) for the SC arm and 4/131 (3.1%) in the IM group without any associated adverse drug reactions.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme.
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
In case of overdose, patients may be hospitalized for observation and appropriate supportive treatment should be given.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, immunostimulants, interferons, ATC code: L03AB13
Peginterferon beta‑1a is an interferon beta‑1a conjugated with a single, linear molecule of 20,000 Da methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol)‑O‑2‑methylpropionaldehyde (20 kDa mPEG‑O‑2‑methylpropionaldehyde) at a degree of substitution of 1 mole of polymer/mole of protein. The average molecular mass is approximately 44 kDa of which the protein moiety constitutes approximately 23 kDa.
Mechanism of action
A definitive mechanism of action of peginterferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known. peginterferon beta‑1a binds to the type I interferon receptor on the surface of cells and elicits a cascade of intracellular events leading to the regulation of interferon-responsive gene expression. Biological effects that may be mediated by peginterferon beta‑1a include up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL‑4, IL‑10, IL‑27), down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL‑2, IL‑12, IFN‑γ, TNF‑α) and inhibiting the migration of activated T cells across the blood brain barrier; however additional mechanisms may be involved. Whether the mechanism of action of peginterferon beta‑1a in MS is mediated by the same pathway(s) as the biological effects described above is not known because the pathophysiology of MS is only partially understood.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Peginterferon beta‑1a is interferon beta-1a conjugated to a single, linear 20 kDa methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol) molecule at the alpha-amino group of the N‑terminal amino acid residue.
Interferons are a family of naturally occurring proteins that are induced by cells in response to biological and chemical stimuli, and mediate numerous cellular responses that have been classified as antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory in nature. The pharmacological properties of peginterferon beta‑1a are consistent with those of interferon beta‑1a and are believed to be mediated by the protein portion of the molecule.
Pharmacodynamic responses were evaluated by measuring the induction of interferon-responsive genes including those encoding 2′,5′‑oligoadenylate synthetase (2′,5′‑OAS), myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), and several chemokines and cytokines, as well as neopterin (D‑erythro‑1, 2, 3,-trihydroxypropylpterin), a product of the interferon-inducible enzyme, GTP‑cyclohydrolase I. Gene induction in healthy human subjects was greater in terms of peak level and exposure (area under the effect curve) for peginterferon beta‑1a compared to non‑pegylated interferon beta‑1a (IM) when both were given at the same dose by activity (6 MIU). The duration of this response was sustained and prolonged for peginterferon beta‑1a, with elevations detected up to 15 days compared to 4 days for non‑pegylated interferon beta‑1a. Increased concentrations of neopterin were observed in both healthy subjects and multiple sclerosis patients treated with peginterferon beta‑1a, with a sustained and prolonged elevation over 10 days compared to 5 days observed for non‑pegylated interferon beta‑1a. Neopterin concentrations return to baseline after the two week dosing interval.
Clinical efficacy and safety via subcutaneous route
The efficacy and safety of peginterferon beta‑1a was assessed from the placebo controlled‑ first year of a 2 year randomised, double-blind, clinical study in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (the ADVANCE study). 1512 patients were randomised to and dosed with 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a injected subcutaneously every 2 (n=512) or 4 (n=500) weeks versus placebo (n=500).
The primary endpoint was the annualised relapse rate (ARR) over 1 year. The study design and patient demographics are presented in Table .3
No data are available from clinical efficacy/safety studies directly comparing pegylated with non‑pegylated interferon beta-1a, or from patients switching between non-pegylated and pegylated interferon.
Table 3: Study design
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Study design\*\* | |
| Disease history | Patients with RRMS, with at least 2 relapses within the prior 3 years, and 1 relapse in the prior year, with an EDSS score of ≤5.0 |
| Follow-up | 1 year |
| Study population | 83% treatment-naïve patients 47% ≥2 relapses in prior year 38% at least 1 Gd+ lesion at baseline 92% ≥9 T2 lesions baseline 16% EDSS ≥4 17% previously treated |
| \*\*Baseline characteristics\*\* | |
| Mean age (years) | 37 |
| Mean/Median disease duration (years) | 3.6/2.0 |
| Mean number of relapses within the past 3 years | 2.5 |
| Mean EDSS score at baseline | 2.5 |
RRMS: relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
EDSS: expanded disability status scale
Gd+: gadolinium-enhancing
Peginterferon beta‑1a every 2 weeks significantly reduced the annualized relapse rate (ARR) by 36% compared to placebo (p=0.0007) at one year (Table 4) with consistent reductions of the ARR noted in subgroups defined by demographic and baseline disease characteristics. peginterferon beta‑1a also significantly reduced the risk of relapse by 39% (p=0.0003), the risk of sustained disability progression confirmed at 12 weeks by 38% (p=0.0383) and at 24 weeks (post-hoc analysis) by 54% (p=0.0069), the number of new or newly enlarging T2 lesions by 67% (p<0.0001), the number of Gd‑enhancing lesions by 86% (p<0.0001) and the number of new T1 hypointense lesions compared to placebo by 53% (p<0.0001). A treatment effect was observed as early as 6 months, with peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks demonstrating a 61% reduction (p<0.0001) in new or newly enlarging T2 lesions as compared with placebo. Across relapse and MRI endpoints peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every two weeks showed a numerically greater treatment effect over the peginterferon beta‑1a every four weeks dosing regimen at year 1.
Results over 2 years confirmed that efficacy was maintained beyond the placebo controlled first year of the study. Patients exposed to peginterferon beta‑1a every 2 weeks showed statistically significant reductions compared to patients exposed to peginterferon beta‑1a every 4 weeks over 2 years in a post-hoc analysis for endpoints including ARR (24%, p=0.0209), the risk of relapse (24%, p=0.0212), the risk of disability progression with 24 week confirmation (36%, p=0.0459), and MRI endpoints (new/enlarging T2 60%, Gd+ 71%, and new T1 hypointense lesions 53%; p<0.0001 for all). In the ATTAIN extension study, long-term efficacy with peginterferon beta‑1a was maintained with continuous treatment up to 4 years as shown by clinical and MRI measures of MS disease activity. Of a total of 1,468 patients, 658 patients continued at least 4 years of treatment with peginterferon beta‑1a.
Results for this study are shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Clinical and MRI results
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Placebo | Peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 2 weeks | Peginterferon beta‑1a 125 micrograms every 4 weeks |
| \*\*Clinical endpoints\*\* | | | |
| N | 500 | 512 | 500 |
| Annualised relapse rate | 0.397 | 0.256 | 0.288 |
| Rate ratio 95% CI P-value | | 0.64 0.50 – 0.83 p=0.0007 | 0.72 0.56 – 0.93 p=0.0114 |
| Proportion of subjects relapsed | 0.291 | 0.187 | 0.222 |
| HR 95% CI P-value | | 0.61 0.47 – 0.80 p=0.0003 | 0.74 0.57 – 0.95 p=0.020 |
| Proportion with 12-week confirmed disability progression\\* | 0.105 | 0.068 | 0.068 |
| HR 95% CI P-value | | 0.62 0.40 – 0.97 p=0.0383 | 0.62 0.40 – 0.97 p=0.0380 |
| Proportion with 24-week confirmed disability progression\\* | 0.084 | 0.040 | 0.058 |
| HR 95% CI P-value | | 0.46 (0.26 – 0.81) p=0.0069 | 0.67 (0.41 – 1.10) p=0.1116 |
| \*\*MRI endpoints\*\* | | | |
| N | 476 | 457 | 462 |
| Mean [Median] no. of new or newly enlarging T2 hyperintense lesions (range) | 13.3 [6.0] (0 – 148) | 4.1 [1.0] (0 – 69) | 9.2 [3.0] (0 – 113) |
| Lesion mean ratio (95% CI) P-value | | 0.33 (0.27, 0.40) p≤0.0001 | 0.72 (0.60, 0.87) p=0.0008 |
| Mean [Median] no. of Gd-enhancing lesions (range) | 1.4^ [0.0] (0 – 39) | 0.2 [0.0] (0 – 13) | 0.9 [0.0] (0 – 41) |
| % reduction vs placebo P-value | | 86 p<0.0001 | 36 p=0.0738 |
| Mean [Median] no. of new T1 hypointense lesions (range) | 3.8 [1.0] (0 – 56) | 1.8 [0.0] (0 – 39) | 3.1 [1.0] (0 – 61) |
| % reduction vs placebo P-value | | 53 p<0.0001 | 18 0.0815 |
HR: hazard ratio
CI: confidence interval
\\* Sustained disability progression was defined as at least a 1 point increase from baseline EDSS ≥ 1 or 1.5 point increase for patients with baseline EDSS of 0, sustained for 12/24 weeks.
^n=477
Patients who failed previous MS treatment were not included in the study.
Subgroups of patients with higher disease activity were defined by relapse and MRI criteria as reported below, with the following efficacy results:
- For patients with ≥1 relapse in the previous year and ≥9 T2 lesions or ≥1 Gd+ lesion (n=1,401), the annual relapse rate at 1 year was 0.39 for placebo, 0.29 for peginterferon beta‑1a every 4 weeks and 0.25 for peginterferon beta‑1a every 2 weeks.
Results in this subgroup were consistent with those in the overall population.
- For patients with ≥2 relapses in the previous year and at least 1 Gd+ lesion (n=273), the annual relapse rate at 1 year was 0.47 for placebo, 0.35 for peginterferon beta‑1a every 4 weeks, and 0.33 for peginterferon beta‑1a every 2 weeks.
Results in this subgroup were numerically consistent with those in the overall population but not statistically significant.
\*IM and SC bioequivalence study\*
An -open-label, crossover study enrolled 136 subjects to assess the bioequivalence of single doses of 125 micrograms of Plegridy administered SC and IM injection in healthy volunteers.
The serum concentration of neopterin, a marker of interferon beta activity, following administration of 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a IM and SC was measured for pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis.
The serum neopterin concentration versus time profiles following single doses of 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a SC or 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a IM were similar, with maximal concentrations (Epeak) reached at a median ETmax of 40.1 hours and 44.0 hours, respectively. Geometric mean neopterin levels increased from baseline to maximum concentration similarly between the 2 injection routes, with the increase from 8.0 to 22.6 nmol/L for SC, and from 8.1 to 23.2 nmol/L for IM. The overall systemic exposure to neopterin (EAUC0 336h and EAUC0-504h) were also similar between the 2 routes of administration.
Since bioequivalence was demonstrated between the IM and SC routes of administration, it is expected that IM and SC peginterferon beta-1a will have a similar efficacy profile.
Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Plegridy in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in treatment of multiple sclerosis (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The serum half-life of peginterferon beta‑1a is prolonged compared with non‑pegylated interferon beta‑1a. Serum concentration of peginterferon beta‑1a was dose-proportional in the range of 63 to 188 micrograms as observed in a single dose and a multiple dose study in healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetics observed in multiple sclerosis patients were consistent with those seen in healthy subjects.
Absorption
Following subcutaneous administration of peginterferon beta‑1a in multiple sclerosis patients, the peak concentration was reached between 1 to 1.5 days post‑dose. The observed Cmax (mean±SE) was 280 ± 79 pg/mL following repeat dosing of 125 micrograms every two weeks.
Subcutaneous peginterferon beta‑1a resulted in approximately 4‑, 9‑, and 13‑fold higher exposure (AUC168h) values and approximately 2‑, 3.5‑ and 5‑fold higher Cmax, following single doses of 63 (6 MIU), 125 (12 MIU), and 188 (18 MIU) micrograms respectively, compared to intramuscular administration of 30 (6 MIU) micrograms non‑pegylated beta‑1a.
Distribution
Following repeat dosing of 125 micrograms doses every two weeks by subcutaneous administration, the volume of distribution uncorrected for bioavailability (mean±SE) was 481 ± 105 L.
Biotransformation and elimination
Urinary (renal) clearance is postulated to be a major excretory pathway for peginterferon beta‑1a. The process of covalently conjugating a PEG moiety to a protein can alter the \*in vivo\* properties of the unmodified protein, including decreased renal clearance and decreased proteolysis thus extending the circulating half‑life. Accordingly, the half-life (t1/2) of peginterferon beta‑1a is approximately 2‑fold longer than non‑pegylated interferon beta-1a in healthy volunteers. In multiple sclerosis patients, the t1/2 (mean±SE) of peginterferon beta-1a was 78 ± 15 hours at steady state. The mean steady state clearance of peginterferon beta‑1a was 4.1 ± 0.4 L/hr.
Special populations
\*Elderly patients\*
Clinical experience in patients aged above 65 years is limited. However, results from a population pharmacokinetic analysis (in patients up to 65 years) suggest that age does not impact peginterferon beta‑1a clearance.
\*Renal impairment\*
A single‑dose study in healthy subjects and subjects with various degrees of renal impairment (mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment as well as subjects with end state renal disease) showed a fractional increase in AUC (13‑62%) and Cmax (42‑71%) in subjects with mild (estimated glomerular filtration rate 50 to ≤80 mL/min/1.73m2), moderate (estimated glomerular filtration rate 30 to <50 mL/min/1.73m2), and severe (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73m2) renal impairment, compared to subjects with normal renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate >80 mL/min/1.73m2). Subjects with end stage renal disease requiring 2‑3 times haemodialysis weekly showed similar AUC and Cmax as compared to subjects with normal renal function. Each haemodialysis reduced peginterferon beta‑1a concentration by approximately 24%, suggesting that haemodialysis partially removes peginterferon beta‑1a from systemic circulation.
\*Hepatic function\*
The pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta‑1a has not been evaluated in patients with hepatic insufficiency.
\*Gender\*
No gender effect on the pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta‑1a was found in a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
\*Race\*
Race had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta‑1a in a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
\*IM and SC bioequivalence study\*
The pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles following single doses of 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a IM and 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a SC in healthy volunteers were similar, with maximal concentrations reached at 40.0 hours post-dose (for both SC and IM), and t1/2 values of 97.1 hours and 79.1 hours, respectively. Statistical analysis of Cmax and AUC∞ further demonstrated bioequivalence between 125 micrograms peginterferon beta‑1a IM and SC. The geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) of IM versus SC for Cmax was 1.08 (0.98 to 1.20) and 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16) for AUC∞. These values fall within the designated 0.80 to 1.25 equivalence range.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Toxicity
Following repeated subcutaneous administration of peginterferon beta‑1a in rhesus monkeys at doses up to 400‑fold (based on exposure, AUC) the recommended therapeutic dose; no effects other than the known mild pharmacological responses by rhesus monkeys to interferon beta‑1a were observed after the first and second weekly dose. Repeated dose toxicology studies were limited to 5 weeks as exposure was greatly diminished from 3 weeks onwards, due to the formation of anti-drug antibodies by rhesus monkeys to human interferon beta‑1a. Therefore, the long-term safety of chronic administration of peginterferon beta‑1a to patients cannot be assessed on the basis of these studies.
Mutagenesis
Peginterferon beta‑1a was not mutagenic when tested in an \*in vitro\* bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test and was not clastogenic in an \*in vitro\* assay in human lymphocytes.
Carcinogenesis
Peginterferon beta‑1a has not been tested for carcinogenicity in animals. Based on the known pharmacology of interferon beta‑1a and clinical experience with interferon beta, the potential for carcinogenicity is expected to be low.
Reproductive toxicity
Peginterferon beta‑1a has not been tested for reproductive toxicity in pregnant animals. Fertility and developmental studies in rhesus monkeys have been carried out with non-pegylated interferon beta‑1a. At very high doses, anovulatory and abortifacient effects were observed in animals. No information is available on the potential effects of peginterferon beta-1a on male fertility. Upon repeated dosing with peginterferon beta-1a of sexually mature female monkeys, effects on menstrual cycle length and progesterone levels were observed. Reversibility of the effects on menstrual cycle length was demonstrated. The validity of extrapolating these non‑clinical data to humans is unknown.
Data from studies with other interferon beta compounds did not show teratogenic potential. The available information on the effects of interferon beta-1a in the peri- and postnatal periods is limited.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium acetate trihydrate
Acetic acid, glacial
Arginine hydrochloride
Polysorbate 20
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years.
Plegridy for SC or IM administration can be stored at room temperature (up to 25 °C) for up to 30 days as long as it is stored away from light. If Plegridy is at room temperature for a total of 30 days, it should be used or discarded. If it is not clear if Plegridy has been stored at room temperature 30 days or more, it should be discarded.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in a refrigerator (2 °C to 8 °C).
Do not freeze.
Store in the original package in order to protect from light.
See section 6.3 for additional information on storage at room temperature.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Ppre-filled pen (subcutaneous)
A pre‑filled syringe of Plegridy is contained within a single‑use, disposable, spring-powered pen injector called Plegridy Pen. The syringe inside the pen is a 1 mL pre‑filled syringe made of glass (Type I) with a bromobutyl rubber stopper and thermoplastic and polypropylene rigid needle shield, containing 0.5 mL of solution. A 29 gauge, 0.5 inch staked needle is pre‑affixed to the syringe.
Pack sizes
The Plegridy Pen initiation pack contains 1x 63 micrograms pre‑filled pen (orange labelled pen, 1st dose) and 1x 94 micrograms pre‑filled pen (blue labelled pen, 2nd dose) in a protective plastic tray.
Box of two 125 microgram pre‑filled pens (grey labelled pens) in a protective plastic tray.
Multipacks containing 6 (3 packs of 2) 125 microgram pre‑filled pens (grey labelled pens). The pack contains 3 inner cartons. Each inner carton contains 2 pens in a protective plastic tray.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
\*Pre-filled syringe (intramuscular)\*
1 mL pre‑filled Luer-Lok syringe made of glass (Type I) with a bromobutyl rubber stopper containing 0.5 mL of solution and supplied with a 23 gauge, 1.25 inch needle. A single pre-filled syringe contains 0.5 mL of solution of Plegridy containing 125 micrograms of peginterferon beta-1a.
Box of two or six 125 microgram pre‑filled syringes in sealed plastic trays.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Plegridy prefilled syringes (for IM administration) and pen (for SC administration) are for single-use only.
Before use check the dosage form to be used. It should not have any cracks or damage and the solution should be clear, colourless and not have any particles in it.
Once removed from the refrigerator, the Plegridy pre-filled syringe or pen to be used should be allowed to warm to room temperature (15°C to 30°C) for about 30 minutes.
Do not use external heat sources such as hot water to warm the Plegridy pre-filled syringe or pen Titration of Plegridy doses for patients initiating treatment is described in section 4.2.
\*Pre-filled pen (subcutaneous)\*
Patients initiating treatment with Plegridy via SC administration should use initiation packs.
\*Pre-filled syringe (intramuscular)\*
Patients initiating treatment with Plegridy via IM administration should use Plegridy Titration clips which may be attached to the syringe to limit the dose.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
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