- Approval Id
- fdb340f53ca56c17
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Negaban 1 g, powder for solution for injection/infusion
- Drug Name
- Negaban 1 g, powder for solution for injection/infusion
- Company Name
- EUMEDICA SA
- Company Address
- Winston Churchill Avenue 67, BE-1180, Belgium, Brussels
- Company Website
- http://www.eumedica.com
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0) 208 444 3377
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +32 (0)6444 88 59
- Company Medical Info Email
- MIR@eumedica.com
- Company Customer Care Direct Line
- +44 (0)208 444 3377
- Company Medical Info Fax
- +32 (0)64 27 17 89
- Atc Code
- J01CA17
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- EUMEDICA S.A.
Winston Churchill Avenue 67
BE-1180 Brussels
Belgium
- Authorisation Number
- 21772/0001
- Authorisation Date
- 22/11/2005
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- EUMEDICA S.A.
Winston Churchill Avenue 67
BE-1180 Brussels
Belgium
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- 21772/0001
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 22/11/2005
- Instruction Composition
- 1 vial contains 1.11 g temocillin disodium, corresponding to 1 g temocillin.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Powder for solution for injection/infusion.
Vial containing a white to pale yellow sterile solid.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Negaban is indicated for the treatment of septicaemia, urinary tract infection and lower respiratory tract infection where susceptible gram-negative bacilli are suspected or confirmed.
In mixed infections where gram-positive or anaerobic bacteria are also liable to be implicated, co-administration with other appropriate antibacterial agents should be considered.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*\*\*Posology\*\*\*\*
\*\*\*Patients with normal renal function\*\*\*
\*\*Adults (including the elderly)\*\*:
Usual dose: 4 g per day to be divided into 2 administrations or as continuous infusion.
High dose notably in critically ill patients: 6 g per day to be divided into 3 administrations or as continuous infusion.
A loading dose of 2 g should be administered before starting the continuous infusion (see Method of administration).
\*\*Children\*\*: Insufficient data are available to recommend an appropriate dosage regimen.
\*\*\*Patients with renal insufficiency\*\*\*
\*\*Adults (including the elderly)\*\*:
Temocillin is mainly excreted renally and unchanged. Excretion is reduced in renal impairment and half-life is increased according to the severity of renal failure. In moderate and severe renal failure, dose adjustments are necessary in accordance with the following regimen:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | Posology : Usual dose | |
| Dosage per administration | Interval between administrations |
| More than 60 | 2 g | 12 h |
| 60 to 30 | 1 g | 12 h |
| 30 to 10 | 1 g | 24 h |
| Less than 10 | 1 g or 500 mg | 48 h or 24 h |
\*\*In case of intermittent high-flux hemodialysis\*\*:
As a rule, the I.M. route should be avoided, considering the patient's treatment with heparin. I.V. injection of Negaban is recommended, using water for injection or physiological saline as solvent: 1 g (I.V. injection) per 24 h of inter-dialytic session, preferably at the end of the hemodialysis (1 g q24 h, 2 g q48 h, 3 g q72 h).
\*\*In case of continuous peritoneal dialysis in ambulatory patients\*\*:
1 g Negaban I.M. every 24 hours.
These data are based on studies where creatinine clearance was used to estimate the degree of renal impairment.
\*\*\*Patients with impaired liver function\*\*\*
Limited experience in patients with impaired hepatic function has not indicated a need for a reduction in dosage.
\*\*\*\*Method of administration\*\*\*\*
Negaban may be administered by intravenous injection, intermittent or continuous intravenous infusion, or intramuscular injection.
\*Intravenous solutions:\* Negaban solutions should be administered by slow injection into the vein (3-4 minutes) or as an intravenous infusion over a period of 30-40 minutes. Continuous intravenous infusion of temocillin might be considered when therapeutic objectives are difficult to reach with intermittent administrations. A loading dose of 2 g should be administered before starting the continuous infusion.
\*Intramuscular injection:\* Negaban may be given intramuscularly after reconstitution. If pain is experienced at the site of I.M. injection, a sterile solution of lidocaine hydrochloride 0.5-1% may be used in place of water for injection.
For instructions on reconstitution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.4.3 Contraindications
The use of Negaban is contraindicated in patients with a history of allergic reactions to any of the penicillins or any other type of beta-lactam drug.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Serious and occasionally fatal anaphylactic reactions have been reported in patients receiving therapy with penicillins. If an allergic reaction occurs during therapy with Negaban, the drug must be discontinued.
Cross-allergy with cephalosporins is frequent (10 to 15%).
In patients with kidney failure, the posology must be adapted to the degree of insufficiency, as recommended in Section 4.2. Posology and Method of Administration.
Bleeding manifestations have occurred in some patients receiving beta-lactam antibiotics. These reactions have sometimes been assessed with abnormalities of coagulation tests and are more likely to occur in patients with renal failure.
If bleeding manifestations occur, the antibiotic should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
As with any antibiotic, temocillin may be associated with induced pseudomembranous colitis, although animal studies have never shown any induction of Clostridium difficile infection. In case of severe, persistent diarrhoea, caution is recommended, Negaban must be discontinued and suitable therapy be initiated (eg oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin). Preparations which inhibit peristalsis are contra-indicated.
As with other antibiotics, the possibility of emergence of resistant organisms which might cause superinfections should be kept in mind, particularly during prolonged treatment. Microbiological follow-up may be required to detect any important superinfection. If this occurs, appropriate measures should be taken.
As with other penicillins, patients may experience neuromuscular excitability or convulsions if higher than recommended doses are given intravenously.
Periodic electrolyte determinations should be made in patients with low potassium reserves and the possibility of hypokalaemia should be kept in mind with patients who have potentially low potassium reserves and who are receiving cytotoxic therapy or diuretics. Modest elevations of indices of liver function may be observed.
Sodium content: approximately 5 mmol per vial.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
None known.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
Animal studies with temocillin have shown no teratogenic effects. There is no experience of temocillin in human pregnancy. Therefore, its use in pregnancy cannot be recommended.
\*\*Breastfeeding\*\*
Trace quantities of penicillins can be detected in the milk of lactating mothers. Therefore, mothers should not breastfeed their infants while receiving temocillin.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
In animal studies, no effects on fertility have been observed with temocillin (see Section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
None known.4.8 Undesirable effects
Undesirable effects are typical of the injectable penicillins: they may include diarrhoea, pain at the site of I.M. injection, occasionally rash, either urticarial or erythematous.
Certain reactions such as fever, arthralgia or myalgia, sometimes develop more than 48 hours after the start of the treatment. In any case, discontinuance of treatment and recourse to another appropriate antibiotic therapy are essential.
In common with other ß-lactam antibiotics angioedema and anaphylaxis have been reported.
There is also a risk of phlebitis and thrombophlebitis with intravenous administration of ß-lactam antibiotics, although to a lesser extent in the case of Negaban.
In patients suffering from renal failure, neurological disorders with convulsions have been reported following the I.V. injection of high doses of penicillin.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme on the website www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.4.9 Overdose
There have been no reported cases of overdosage. Dosages of up to 8 g daily have been administered to volunteers without untoward effects.
Negaban may be removed from the circulation by haemodialysis.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: ß-lactam antibacterials - penicillins (ATC code: J01CA17)
The product is an injectable antibiotic active in vitro against many aerobic gram-negative bacteria, with the notable exception of \*Pseudomonas aeruginosa\* and \*Acinetobacter spp.\*
\*\*Mechanism of action:\*\*
ß-lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. ß-lactam antibiotics irreversibly bind to the active site of specific transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases known as Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBP), preventing peptidoglycan production.
\*\*Mechanism of resistance:\*\*
Temocillin is stable to most types of ß-lactamases, including most AmpC and Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamases. The only suspected mechanisms of resistance to temocillin are outer membrane impermeabilisation or active efflux.
ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae resistant to 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporins may be sensitive to Negaban.
\*\*Breakpoints\*\*
Following the BSAC (British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy) method for Enterobacteriaceae:
• \*All indications except uncomplicated urinary tract infections:\*
- Susceptible organisms: MIC ≤ 8 mg/L
- Resistant organisms: MIC > 8 mg/L
• \*Uncomplicated urinary tract infections:\*
- Susceptible organisms: MIC ≤ 32 mg/L
- Resistant organisms: MIC > 32 mg/L
\*\*Commonly susceptible organisms:\*\*
\*- Escherichia coli\*
\*- Klebsiella pneumoniae\*
\*- Citrobacter spp.\*
\*- Proteus mirabilis\*
\*- Proteus spp (indole +)\*
\*- Morganella morganii\*
\*- Pasteurella multocida\*
\*- Providencia stuartii\*
\*- Salmonella typhimurium\*
\*- Yersinia enterocolitica\*
\*- Moraxella catarrhalis\*
\*- Haemophilus influenzae\*
\*- Neisseria meningitides\*
\*\*Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem:\*\*
\*- Serratia marcescens\*
\*- Enterobacter spp.\*
\*\*Inherently resistant organisms:\*\*
\*- Acinetobacter spp.\*
\*- Pseudomonas aeruginosa\*
\*- Gram positive organisms\*
\*- Anaerobic bacteria\*5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of temocillin following administration of a single dose:
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MEAN PARAMETER | HEALTHY SUBJECTS | | | | ELDERLY PATIENTS | RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS\\* |
| I.V. BOLUS | | | I.M. | I.V. | I.V. |
| Dose | 1 g | 2 g | 4 g | 1 g | 1 g | 7.5 mg/kg |
| No. of subjects | 6 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
| Cmax (mg/L) | 173.1 | 281.2 | 482.9 | 72.7 | 93.2+ | 49.5 |
| T½ß (h) | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 11.7 | 28.2 |
| CLtot (ml/min) | 33.2 | 38.3 | 48.5 | - | 11.2 | 8.8 |
| VDss (L) | 11.1 | 12.1 | 14.7 | - | 10.9 | 18.3 (VD AREA) |
- = Not determined
\\* = CLCR < 10 ml/min/1.73m2
+ = Approx. 1 h post-dose
\*\*Distribution:\*\* The protein serum binding rate is 85% in healthy volunteers.
Concentrations of temocillin in gall bladder bile at a mean of 2.4 hours after I.V. injection of 1 g were variable. Temocillin was not detected in the bile of 2 out of 10 patients but in some cases concentrations were considerably higher than those in serum. The mean concentration in gall bladder bile was 205 μg/ml. Concentrations of temocillin in prostate homogenate between 1 and 3 hours after I.M. injection of 1 g of temocillin ranged from 2.3-16 μg/ml (mean 8.25) compared with a mean serum concentration of 12.5 μg/ml.
In a series of studies, the penetration of temocillin into tissues was investigated by assaying either tissue fluid or homogenate for temocillin. Following I.V. injection of 1 g of temocillin, concentrations in the fluid of cantharidine-induced skin blisters reached a mean peak of 44.3 μg/ml at 3 hours. The mean half-life of temocillin in blister fluid was 4.0 hours.
Temocillin concentrations in peripheral lymph after a 1 g I.V. injection were of a similar order to those in blister fluid, reaching a mean peak of 30.6 μg/ml between 1.5 and 2 hours. The mean half-life of elimination from lymph was 4.4 hours. As was found in skin blisters, concentrations of temocillin in lymph were above the MIC of susceptible bacteria at 12 hours after administration.
Only a small proportion of temocillin passes into the cerebrospinal fluid.
\*\*Excretion:\*\* Temocillin is excreted unchanged mainly in the kidney. Excretion may be delayed in cases of kidney failure so the dosage must be reduced, depending on the degree of kidney failure shown by the creatinine clearance values.
\*\*Pharmacokinetic parameters in renal impairment:\*\*
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | No. of subjects | Dose (g) | Cmax (mg/L) | T½ß (h) | CLtot (ml/min) | VDss (L) | Urine excretion (% in 24h) |
| 30-60 | 5 | 0.5 | 69.8 | 13.6 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 51.6 |
| 5 | 1 | 122.0 | 20.0 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 40.2 |
| 10-30 | 5 | 0.5 | 49.4 | 18.9 | 13.3 | 22.1 | 23.1 |
| 2 | 1 | 118.0 | 17.0 | 9.9 | 13.8 | 17.0 |
| < 10 | 5 | 0.5 | 49.5 | 28.2 | 8.8 | 19.9 | 8.3 |
| 5 | 1 | - | 26.6 | - | 7.3 | - |
- = Not determined5.3 Preclinical safety data
The non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, single and repeated dose toxicity, mutagenic toxicity and toxicity to reproduction and development. Fertility studies performed in rats administered temocillin subcutaneously showed no adverse effects on male and female fertility at 0.18 times the exposure levels achieved for the maximum recommended human intravenous daily dose.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
None.6.2 Incompatibilities
Negaban should not be mixed with the following in the syringe, intravenous fluid container or giving set:
- Proteinaceous fluids (e.g. protein hydrolysates)
- Blood products
- Intravenous lipid emulsions
- Aminoglycosides
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other products except those mentioned in section 6.6.6.3 Shelf life
\*\*Unopened vials:\*\* 3 years
\*\*Reconstituted and diluted solutions:\*\* refer to details on appropriate solvents and administration times to section 6.6.
The solutions should preferably be used immediately after their preparation.
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 25°C for the following solvents: water for injection, physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride), dextrose 5%, sodium chloride compound (Ringer's solution), Hartmann solution (sodium lactate compound + Ringer's lactate solution).6.4 Special precautions for storage
\*\*Unopened vials:\*\* Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C). Store in the original package.
\*\*Reconstituted and diluted solutions:\*\* for storage conditions after reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and should normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2-8°C, unless reconstitution/dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Clear glass vial with butyl rubber stoppers and either aluminium seal or aluminium plastic seal in packs of 1 vial or 5 vials.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
For single-use only.
Negaban is not intended for multi-dose use, any part-used antibiotic solution should be discarded. Solutions are normally a pale yellow colour.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
\*\*Intravenous administration\*\*
\*\*Intravenous injection\*\*
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Suitable solvents | Recommended volume of solvent to be added for dissolution | Final volume |
| 1 g | Water for injection Physiological saline | Dissolve in 10 mL of one suitable solvent. | 10.7 ml |
Inject I.V. solutions in 3-4 minutes, within one hour following their preparation.
\*\*Intermittent intravenous infusion\*\*
Solutions should be prepared as described for intravenous injection and then added to an intravenous infusion solution in a mini-bag or in-line burette and administered over a period of 30-40 minutes. Alternatively, using a suitable reconstitution device, the appropriate volume of intravenous fluid may be transferred from the infusion bag into the vial and then drawn back into the bag after dissolution.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Suitable solvents | Recommended volume of solvent to be added for dissolution |
| 1 g | Water for injection Physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride) Dextrose 5% Sodium chloride compound (Ringer's solution) Hartmann (Sodium lactate compound – Ringer's lactate solution) Dextrose 10% Sodium lactate M/6 Sorbitol Dextran solutions | Dissolve in 10 mL of one suitable solvent and shake it well until the contents of the vial have dissolved completely. The solution should be visually inspected prior to use. Only clear solutions practically free from particles should be used. Then dilute into a 50-, 100- or 150-mL solution for infusion. |
\*\*Continuous intravenous infusion\*\*
Solutions should be prepared as described and administered over 24 h at a rate of 2 mL/hour. A loading dose of 2 g temocillin is required before starting the continuous infusion.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Daily dose | Suitable solvents | Recommended volume of solvent to be added for dissolution |
| 4 g | Water for injection Physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride) Dextrose 5% Sodium chloride compound (Ringer's solution) Hartmann (Sodium lactate compound – Ringer's lactate solution) | Dissolve the contents of 4 or 6 vials of Negaban 1 g in 48 mL of one suitable solvent and shake it well until the contents have dissolved completely. The solution should be visually inspected prior to use. Only clear solutions practically free from particles should be used. |
| 6 g |
\*\*Intramuscular administration\*\*
\*\*Intramuscular injection\*\*
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Suitable solvents | Recommended volume of solvent to be added for dissolution | Final volume |
| 1 g | Water for injection Physiological saline 0.5 or 1% lidocaine solution. Lidocaine solution should not be administered intravenously. | 2 ml | 2.7 ml |
After addition of water to the vial, shake vigorously. Inject I.M. solutions immediately after preparation.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
1 vial contains 1.11 g temocillin disodium, corresponding to 1 g temocillin.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Powder for solution for injection/infusion.
Vial containing a white to pale yellow sterile solid.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Negaban is indicated for the treatment of septicaemia, urinary tract infection and lower respiratory tract infection where susceptible gram-negative bacilli are suspected or confirmed.
In mixed infections where gram-positive or anaerobic bacteria are also liable to be implicated, co-administration with other appropriate antibacterial agents should be considered.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*\*\*Posology\*\*\*\*
\*\*\*Patients with normal renal function\*\*\*
\*\*Adults (including the elderly)\*\*:
Usual dose: 4 g per day to be divided into 2 administrations or as continuous infusion.
High dose notably in critically ill patients: 6 g per day to be divided into 3 administrations or as continuous infusion.
A loading dose of 2 g should be administered before starting the continuous infusion (see Method of administration).
\*\*Children\*\*: Insufficient data are available to recommend an appropriate dosage regimen.
\*\*\*Patients with renal insufficiency\*\*\*
\*\*Adults (including the elderly)\*\*:
Temocillin is mainly excreted renally and unchanged. Excretion is reduced in renal impairment and half-life is increased according to the severity of renal failure. In moderate and severe renal failure, dose adjustments are necessary in accordance with the following regimen:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | Posology : Usual dose | |
| Dosage per administration | Interval between administrations |
| More than 60 | 2 g | 12 h |
| 60 to 30 | 1 g | 12 h |
| 30 to 10 | 1 g | 24 h |
| Less than 10 | 1 g or 500 mg | 48 h or 24 h |
\*\*In case of intermittent high-flux hemodialysis\*\*:
As a rule, the I.M. route should be avoided, considering the patient's treatment with heparin. I.V. injection of Negaban is recommended, using water for injection or physiological saline as solvent: 1 g (I.V. injection) per 24 h of inter-dialytic session, preferably at the end of the hemodialysis (1 g q24 h, 2 g q48 h, 3 g q72 h).
\*\*In case of continuous peritoneal dialysis in ambulatory patients\*\*:
1 g Negaban I.M. every 24 hours.
These data are based on studies where creatinine clearance was used to estimate the degree of renal impairment.
\*\*\*Patients with impaired liver function\*\*\*
Limited experience in patients with impaired hepatic function has not indicated a need for a reduction in dosage.
\*\*\*\*Method of administration\*\*\*\*
Negaban may be administered by intravenous injection, intermittent or continuous intravenous infusion, or intramuscular injection.
\*Intravenous solutions:\* Negaban solutions should be administered by slow injection into the vein (3-4 minutes) or as an intravenous infusion over a period of 30-40 minutes. Continuous intravenous infusion of temocillin might be considered when therapeutic objectives are difficult to reach with intermittent administrations. A loading dose of 2 g should be administered before starting the continuous infusion.
\*Intramuscular injection:\* Negaban may be given intramuscularly after reconstitution. If pain is experienced at the site of I.M. injection, a sterile solution of lidocaine hydrochloride 0.5-1% may be used in place of water for injection.
For instructions on reconstitution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.4.3 Contraindications
The use of Negaban is contraindicated in patients with a history of allergic reactions to any of the penicillins or any other type of beta-lactam drug.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Serious and occasionally fatal anaphylactic reactions have been reported in patients receiving therapy with penicillins. If an allergic reaction occurs during therapy with Negaban, the drug must be discontinued.
Cross-allergy with cephalosporins is frequent (10 to 15%).
In patients with kidney failure, the posology must be adapted to the degree of insufficiency, as recommended in Section 4.2. Posology and Method of Administration.
Bleeding manifestations have occurred in some patients receiving beta-lactam antibiotics. These reactions have sometimes been assessed with abnormalities of coagulation tests and are more likely to occur in patients with renal failure.
If bleeding manifestations occur, the antibiotic should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
As with any antibiotic, temocillin may be associated with induced pseudomembranous colitis, although animal studies have never shown any induction of Clostridium difficile infection. In case of severe, persistent diarrhoea, caution is recommended, Negaban must be discontinued and suitable therapy be initiated (eg oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin). Preparations which inhibit peristalsis are contra-indicated.
As with other antibiotics, the possibility of emergence of resistant organisms which might cause superinfections should be kept in mind, particularly during prolonged treatment. Microbiological follow-up may be required to detect any important superinfection. If this occurs, appropriate measures should be taken.
As with other penicillins, patients may experience neuromuscular excitability or convulsions if higher than recommended doses are given intravenously.
Periodic electrolyte determinations should be made in patients with low potassium reserves and the possibility of hypokalaemia should be kept in mind with patients who have potentially low potassium reserves and who are receiving cytotoxic therapy or diuretics. Modest elevations of indices of liver function may be observed.
Sodium content: approximately 5 mmol per vial.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
None known.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
Animal studies with temocillin have shown no teratogenic effects. There is no experience of temocillin in human pregnancy. Therefore, its use in pregnancy cannot be recommended.
\*\*Breastfeeding\*\*
Trace quantities of penicillins can be detected in the milk of lactating mothers. Therefore, mothers should not breastfeed their infants while receiving temocillin.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
In animal studies, no effects on fertility have been observed with temocillin (see Section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
None known.4.8 Undesirable effects
Undesirable effects are typical of the injectable penicillins: they may include diarrhoea, pain at the site of I.M. injection, occasionally rash, either urticarial or erythematous.
Certain reactions such as fever, arthralgia or myalgia, sometimes develop more than 48 hours after the start of the treatment. In any case, discontinuance of treatment and recourse to another appropriate antibiotic therapy are essential.
In common with other ß-lactam antibiotics angioedema and anaphylaxis have been reported.
There is also a risk of phlebitis and thrombophlebitis with intravenous administration of ß-lactam antibiotics, although to a lesser extent in the case of Negaban.
In patients suffering from renal failure, neurological disorders with convulsions have been reported following the I.V. injection of high doses of penicillin.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme on the website www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.4.9 Overdose
There have been no reported cases of overdosage. Dosages of up to 8 g daily have been administered to volunteers without untoward effects.
Negaban may be removed from the circulation by haemodialysis.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: ß-lactam antibacterials - penicillins (ATC code: J01CA17)
The product is an injectable antibiotic active in vitro against many aerobic gram-negative bacteria, with the notable exception of \*Pseudomonas aeruginosa\* and \*Acinetobacter spp.\*
\*\*Mechanism of action:\*\*
ß-lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. ß-lactam antibiotics irreversibly bind to the active site of specific transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases known as Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBP), preventing peptidoglycan production.
\*\*Mechanism of resistance:\*\*
Temocillin is stable to most types of ß-lactamases, including most AmpC and Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamases. The only suspected mechanisms of resistance to temocillin are outer membrane impermeabilisation or active efflux.
ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae resistant to 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporins may be sensitive to Negaban.
\*\*Breakpoints\*\*
Following the BSAC (British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy) method for Enterobacteriaceae:
• \*All indications except uncomplicated urinary tract infections:\*
- Susceptible organisms: MIC ≤ 8 mg/L
- Resistant organisms: MIC > 8 mg/L
• \*Uncomplicated urinary tract infections:\*
- Susceptible organisms: MIC ≤ 32 mg/L
- Resistant organisms: MIC > 32 mg/L
\*\*Commonly susceptible organisms:\*\*
\*- Escherichia coli\*
\*- Klebsiella pneumoniae\*
\*- Citrobacter spp.\*
\*- Proteus mirabilis\*
\*- Proteus spp (indole +)\*
\*- Morganella morganii\*
\*- Pasteurella multocida\*
\*- Providencia stuartii\*
\*- Salmonella typhimurium\*
\*- Yersinia enterocolitica\*
\*- Moraxella catarrhalis\*
\*- Haemophilus influenzae\*
\*- Neisseria meningitides\*
\*\*Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem:\*\*
\*- Serratia marcescens\*
\*- Enterobacter spp.\*
\*\*Inherently resistant organisms:\*\*
\*- Acinetobacter spp.\*
\*- Pseudomonas aeruginosa\*
\*- Gram positive organisms\*
\*- Anaerobic bacteria\*5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of temocillin following administration of a single dose:
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MEAN PARAMETER | HEALTHY SUBJECTS | | | | ELDERLY PATIENTS | RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS\\* |
| I.V. BOLUS | | | I.M. | I.V. | I.V. |
| Dose | 1 g | 2 g | 4 g | 1 g | 1 g | 7.5 mg/kg |
| No. of subjects | 6 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
| Cmax (mg/L) | 173.1 | 281.2 | 482.9 | 72.7 | 93.2+ | 49.5 |
| T½ß (h) | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 11.7 | 28.2 |
| CLtot (ml/min) | 33.2 | 38.3 | 48.5 | - | 11.2 | 8.8 |
| VDss (L) | 11.1 | 12.1 | 14.7 | - | 10.9 | 18.3 (VD AREA) |
- = Not determined
\\* = CLCR < 10 ml/min/1.73m2
+ = Approx. 1 h post-dose
\*\*Distribution:\*\* The protein serum binding rate is 85% in healthy volunteers.
Concentrations of temocillin in gall bladder bile at a mean of 2.4 hours after I.V. injection of 1 g were variable. Temocillin was not detected in the bile of 2 out of 10 patients but in some cases concentrations were considerably higher than those in serum. The mean concentration in gall bladder bile was 205 μg/ml. Concentrations of temocillin in prostate homogenate between 1 and 3 hours after I.M. injection of 1 g of temocillin ranged from 2.3-16 μg/ml (mean 8.25) compared with a mean serum concentration of 12.5 μg/ml.
In a series of studies, the penetration of temocillin into tissues was investigated by assaying either tissue fluid or homogenate for temocillin. Following I.V. injection of 1 g of temocillin, concentrations in the fluid of cantharidine-induced skin blisters reached a mean peak of 44.3 μg/ml at 3 hours. The mean half-life of temocillin in blister fluid was 4.0 hours.
Temocillin concentrations in peripheral lymph after a 1 g I.V. injection were of a similar order to those in blister fluid, reaching a mean peak of 30.6 μg/ml between 1.5 and 2 hours. The mean half-life of elimination from lymph was 4.4 hours. As was found in skin blisters, concentrations of temocillin in lymph were above the MIC of susceptible bacteria at 12 hours after administration.
Only a small proportion of temocillin passes into the cerebrospinal fluid.
\*\*Excretion:\*\* Temocillin is excreted unchanged mainly in the kidney. Excretion may be delayed in cases of kidney failure so the dosage must be reduced, depending on the degree of kidney failure shown by the creatinine clearance values.
\*\*Pharmacokinetic parameters in renal impairment:\*\*
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | No. of subjects | Dose (g) | Cmax (mg/L) | T½ß (h) | CLtot (ml/min) | VDss (L) | Urine excretion (% in 24h) |
| 30-60 | 5 | 0.5 | 69.8 | 13.6 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 51.6 |
| 5 | 1 | 122.0 | 20.0 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 40.2 |
| 10-30 | 5 | 0.5 | 49.4 | 18.9 | 13.3 | 22.1 | 23.1 |
| 2 | 1 | 118.0 | 17.0 | 9.9 | 13.8 | 17.0 |
| < 10 | 5 | 0.5 | 49.5 | 28.2 | 8.8 | 19.9 | 8.3 |
| 5 | 1 | - | 26.6 | - | 7.3 | - |
- = Not determined5.3 Preclinical safety data
The non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, single and repeated dose toxicity, mutagenic toxicity and toxicity to reproduction and development. Fertility studies performed in rats administered temocillin subcutaneously showed no adverse effects on male and female fertility at 0.18 times the exposure levels achieved for the maximum recommended human intravenous daily dose.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
None.6.2 Incompatibilities
Negaban should not be mixed with the following in the syringe, intravenous fluid container or giving set:
- Proteinaceous fluids (e.g. protein hydrolysates)
- Blood products
- Intravenous lipid emulsions
- Aminoglycosides
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other products except those mentioned in section 6.6.6.3 Shelf life
\*\*Unopened vials:\*\* 3 years
\*\*Reconstituted and diluted solutions:\*\* refer to details on appropriate solvents and administration times to section 6.6.
The solutions should preferably be used immediately after their preparation.
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 25°C for the following solvents: water for injection, physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride), dextrose 5%, sodium chloride compound (Ringer's solution), Hartmann solution (sodium lactate compound + Ringer's lactate solution).6.4 Special precautions for storage
\*\*Unopened vials:\*\* Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C). Store in the original package.
\*\*Reconstituted and diluted solutions:\*\* for storage conditions after reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and should normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2-8°C, unless reconstitution/dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Clear glass vial with butyl rubber stoppers and either aluminium seal or aluminium plastic seal in packs of 1 vial or 5 vials.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
For single-use only.
Negaban is not intended for multi-dose use, any part-used antibiotic solution should be discarded. Solutions are normally a pale yellow colour.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
\*\*Intravenous administration\*\*
\*\*Intravenous injection\*\*
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Suitable solvents | Recommended volume of solvent to be added for dissolution | Final volume |
| 1 g | Water for injection Physiological saline | Dissolve in 10 mL of one suitable solvent. | 10.7 ml |
Inject I.V. solutions in 3-4 minutes, within one hour following their preparation.
\*\*Intermittent intravenous infusion\*\*
Solutions should be prepared as described for intravenous injection and then added to an intravenous infusion solution in a mini-bag or in-line burette and administered over a period of 30-40 minutes. Alternatively, using a suitable reconstitution device, the appropriate volume of intravenous fluid may be transferred from the infusion bag into the vial and then drawn back into the bag after dissolution.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Suitable solvents | Recommended volume of solvent to be added for dissolution |
| 1 g | Water for injection Physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride) Dextrose 5% Sodium chloride compound (Ringer's solution) Hartmann (Sodium lactate compound – Ringer's lactate solution) Dextrose 10% Sodium lactate M/6 Sorbitol Dextran solutions | Dissolve in 10 mL of one suitable solvent and shake it well until the contents of the vial have dissolved completely. The solution should be visually inspected prior to use. Only clear solutions practically free from particles should be used. Then dilute into a 50-, 100- or 150-mL solution for infusion. |
\*\*Continuous intravenous infusion\*\*
Solutions should be prepared as described and administered over 24 h at a rate of 2 mL/hour. A loading dose of 2 g temocillin is required before starting the continuous infusion.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Daily dose | Suitable solvents | Recommended volume of solvent to be added for dissolution |
| 4 g | Water for injection Physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride) Dextrose 5% Sodium chloride compound (Ringer's solution) Hartmann (Sodium lactate compound – Ringer's lactate solution) | Dissolve the contents of 4 or 6 vials of Negaban 1 g in 48 mL of one suitable solvent and shake it well until the contents have dissolved completely. The solution should be visually inspected prior to use. Only clear solutions practically free from particles should be used. |
| 6 g |
\*\*Intramuscular administration\*\*
\*\*Intramuscular injection\*\*
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dose | Suitable solvents | Recommended volume of solvent to be added for dissolution | Final volume |
| 1 g | Water for injection Physiological saline 0.5 or 1% lidocaine solution. Lidocaine solution should not be administered intravenously. | 2 ml | 2.7 ml |
After addition of water to the vial, shake vigorously. Inject I.M. solutions immediately after preparation.
