Effects of Liquid Oil vs Oleogel Co-ingested With a Carbohydrate-rich Meal on Human Blood Triglycerides, Glucose, Insulin and Appetite.

Design: This will be a randomised, crossover study with five sessions in total. 1.) Instant rice porridge with orange juice, 2.) Instant rice porridge with palm oil, with orange juice 3.) Instant rice porridge with palm oleogel, with orange juice 4.) Instant rice porridge with liquid rice bran oil, with orange juice 5.) Instant rice porridge with rice bran oleogel, with orange juice

Study population: Healthy Chinese males (BMI 18-25 kgm-2) with body weight >/=45 kg, aged 21-45 years with normal fasting blood glucose (<6.0 mM), will be recruited from the general public in Singapore. The exclusion criteria are people with major chronic disease such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes mellitus, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency, glucose intolerance, intolerances or allergies to test products, as well as individuals who are taking insulin or drugs known to affect glucose metabolism. People with a major medical or surgical event requiring hospitalization within the preceding 3 months, individuals with the presence of disease or drugs which influence digestion and absorption of nutrients, people who are on any therapeutic diet/ drug therapy and smokers will be excluded.

Screening visit: During the screening session, participants will receive an informed consent form and given ample time to go through it and rectify any queries they have. If they decide to take part in the study, they will be asked to sign the informed consent form. They will then be asked to complete a screening questionnaire, baseline measurements including anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and physical activity level will be collected from each participant in order to determine their eligibility. Body weight and body composition will be measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Height will be measured using a stadiometer in order to calculate participants' BMI. Blood pressure will also be measured. All measurements will be taken in duplicate. Participants will then be scheduled for the 5 subsequent test visits. The screening visit will take approximately 1 hour.

Screening questionnaire: The screening questionnaire will include contact information, demographic, general health details, and physical activity level. This information will be used to determine whether the participant is eligible for the study, as well as to check for any possible confounders that may influence the study outcomes. Physical activity level will be measured using a previously validated international physical activity questionnaire.

Meal composition: The test meal will consist of cooking oil (palm oil or rice bran oil in either liquid or gelled form made with ethylcellulose), orange juice and commercially available instant porridge.