Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on Pulmonary Functions and Stress on Lower Limb Amputation

Normal functioning of cardiovascular system are controlled by autonomic nervous system. Stress causes autonomic imbalance which increases sympathetic activity. Loss of limb is potentially stressful change in one's life resulting in vast physical, occupational and psycho-social changes. Amputation is the removal of any part of body, when all other reconstructive strategies have failed. Lower limb amputation caused by diabetes annually costs between $30,000 to $60,000 and throughout life costs half a million dollar. It was estimated in 2012 that lower extremity wound and diabetes in U.S medicare program cost about $41 million dollar which is almost estimated as ~1.6 of all medicare health spending (1-4), however in U.K national health care spent almost an amount of £639 and 662 million on foot ulcers, which was approximately £1 in every £150 spent by the National Health Service.

Other studies done on cost of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in Belgium showed Us $10,572 and in Sweden total cost for healing was US$24,965/patient with no amputation while they were US $47,518 and US$42,858 with amputation with minor and major surgeries respectively. Amputation due to congenital deformity is les common and present in only 1% of total amputation done. Acquired amputations include Peripheral vascular disease, trauma, malignancy, metabolic and infection. 2 million people or even more in US are living with loss of limb, and accounts for 10 times more amputation in people with diabetes in comparison with those who don't have diabetes according to World health organization.

Musculoskeletal imbalances or pathologies often develop into secondary physical conditions or complications that may affect the mobility and quality of life of people with lower limb amputation. Using one or more prostheses causes people with amputation to alter the biomechanics of their movement. For example, people with lower-limb amputation often favor and stress their intact lower limb more during everyday activities.

This can lead to degenerative changes such as osteoarthritis of the knee and/or hip joints of the intact limb. Since people with amputation spend less time on their residual limb, osteopenia and subsequent osteoporosis often occur secondary to insufficient loading through the long bones of the lower limb. A proper prosthetic fit increases the probability of equal force distribution across the intact and prosthetic limbs during ambulation, thus decreasing the risk of osteoarthritis. People with limb loss commonly complain of back pain, which is linked to poor prosthetic fit and alignment, postural changes, leg-length discrepancy, amputation level, and general deconditioning. We review the literature on secondary complications among people with lower limb loss who are long-term prosthesis wearers.(outcomes of amputation) Secondary complications are of great importance in patients who have undergone traumatic amputation, main 2 systems that are effected are musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. Mostly hospitalized patients acquire lying position which include spine, prone or right and left side lying position, change of position after every 2 hours is recommended to avoid contractures or bed sores, positioning is also required for good oxygen saturation and drainage of secretion, recumbency causes accumulation of secretions. Number of people having paraplegia and other disorders related to Central nervous system (CNS) are increasing due to metabolic disorder and increased blood pressure and most patients with CNS disorder are bed bound.

Estimation of pulmonary functions in various body postures they concluded that body position has a significant effect on spirometric measures like forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FEV1%, generally. The standing position has highest lung volume and chair sitting to the second highest lung volumes. In recumbent position, factors causing impaired lung function include external compression of chest wall, compression of abdominal contents on diaphragm, compression of airway and blood vessels by heart.