Fish Oils and Soybean Lecithin Supplementation Modulate Immune Function in Runners

Not Applicable

Completed

Brief Summary: The purpose of this study was evaluate the comparative effects of FO rich in EPA (FO-EPA) and FO rich in DHA (FO-DHA) on inflammation and neutrophil properties after a prolonged and strenuous exercise. The effect of soybean lecithin on the same parameters and conditions also was evaluated.

Detailed Description: The volunteers were not taking any medication during the study. All individuals signed an informed consent form to the study protocol. Both experimental procedure and informed consent form of this study were in accordance with Guide for the Care and Use of Humans.

All volunteers performed two half-marathons. In the first half-marathon, all participants were not supplemented. Dietary supplementation was initiated immediately after the first race. The volunteers were randomly separated into 3 groups: Soybean lecithin group; Fish oil-DHA group and Fish oil-EPA group. The volunteers ingested 3 g daily of SL or FO-DHA containing 1.5 g DHA and 0.3 g EPA or FO-EPA containing 1.6 g EPA and 0.3 g DHA (EPA:DHA = 5.4:1) during 60 days.

Experimental design:

First race - not supplemented, blood samples were collected before (Phase I) and immediately after race (Phase II).

Second race - dietary supplemented, blood samples were collected before (Phase III) and immediately after the race (Phase IV).

Results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc test. The statistical analysis of the half-marathon effect was performed using nonparametric t tests. Results were considered statistically significant for P\<0.05.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Healthy recreational half-marathon runners.

Exclusion Criteria

Auto-immune disease Inflammatory disease Cardiorespiratory disease

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Exercise	dietary supplementation	All volunteers performed two half-marathons. In the first half-marathon, all participants were not supplemented. In the second half-marathon, participants were supplemented. Blood samples were collected before and after both half-marathon race.
dietary supplementation	dietary supplementation	The volunteers ingested 3 g daily of Soybean lecithin or fish oil rich in docosa-hexanoic acid (DHA) containing 1.5 g DHA and 0.3 g EPA (DHA:EPA = 5:1) or fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) containing 1.6 g EPA and 0.3 g DHA (EPA:DHA = 5.4:1) during 60 days.
Exercise	Exercise	All volunteers performed two half-marathons. In the first half-marathon, all participants were not supplemented. In the second half-marathon, participants were supplemented. Blood samples were collected before and after both half-marathon race.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Neutrophil expression of ICAM-1, L-selectin, FasR and TRAIL	Immediately after the first race (Phase II) and immediately after the second race in supplemented athletes (Phase IV).	Neutrophil expression was expressed in fluorescence intensity evaluated by flow cytometry at 530/30 nm (FITC) 660/20 nm (APC) or 695/40 nm (PE) wavelengths (BD Accuri cytometer).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Plasma concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha.	Immediately after the first race (Phase II) and immediately after the second race in supplemented athletes (Phase IV).	Plasma concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha in pg/mL were measured by Millipore® Multiplex Assays Using Luminex® (Millipore Corp., MA).

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