Pain and Anxiety Management With Oral Narcotic for Pediatric Suture Repair

Not Applicable

Completed

Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is:

* To determine whether oral narcotic medication versus placebo improves the pain and anxiety scores for pediatric patients requiring laceration repair in the pediatric emergency department and receiving the standard of care with lidocaine treatment

* To evaluate for a statistical difference in pain scores in children during laceration repair

* To evaluate for a statistical difference in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) scores during laceration repair

Detailed Description: A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial in a tertiary care pediatric emergency department with an annual census of 80,000 visits per year. Patients will be randomized by a randomization table with block randomization in the pharmacy to the oral narcotic or placebo group, and the pharmacist will be the only person aware of the randomization status of the patient. Allocation concealment will be ensured by opaque, sealed envelopes kept in the Emergency Department Pharmacy. Guardians of patients age 2 to 17 years of age will be consented for enrollment.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Major injuries in addition to laceration (suspected fracture, intracranial, intrathoracic, or intraabdominal bleeding or organ injury)
Abnormal neurologic examination (such as head injury)
Severe congenital heart disease
Pregnancy
Known opiate or acetaminophen allergy
Require conscious sedation
Have had narcotic or acetaminophen administration within 4 previous hours

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Hydrocodone/acetaminophen	hydrocodone/acetaminophen	Patients will receive 0.17 mg/kg hydrocodone component to a max of 10 mg hydrocodone.
Sugar water	Sugar water	Placebo

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Statistical Difference in Pain Scores in Children During Laceration Repair Between Study and Placebo Group	5 minutes	Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale, for children 2-7 years. This score ranks 6 categories: Cry, Facial expression, Verbal Response, Torso movement, Touch, and Leg movement. The scale varies by each category from 0-2 or 1-2 or 1-3; such that a minimum score is 4 (no pain) and a maximum score is 13 signifying greatest pain. This results in a 10 point scale of possible results, and is rated by an objective observer; the child life specialist at the bedside during the laceration repair. If the procedure was completed, there were no scores recorded at that time point.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Statistical Difference in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) Scores for Children Aged 8-17 Years During Laceration Repair and VAS Pain Scale	1 hour approximately (survey was given pre and post procedure so from 15 minutes to 1 hour after initial survey (or 5 minutes to 45 minutes after the procedure).	State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children - 20 questions with 3 answer options for each question. Scores range from 20 to 60 for state and 20 to 60 for trait with 60 being the higher (more or worse) anxiety on self-assessment. The VAS pain Scale from 0-10 was included in this older population as well.
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Score for Children > 7 Years.	30 minutes	Visual Analog Scale from 0-10 as marked on a 10 cm line. 0 no pain, 10 worst pain. A child \>7 group marks their pain on the line, and a mm measurement is made. Power based on a change in the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for children \> 7 years. A change in pain score of 10 mm (95% Confidence Interval 7-12 mm) was considered to be clinically significant based upon a previous study.