Promoting Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Adherence

Early Phase 1

Completed

• Conditions: Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Interventions: Behavioral: Web-based Access to CPAP Data; Behavioral: Web-based Access to CPAP Data with Financial Incentive

• Registration Number: NCT01335854
• Lead Sponsor: University of Pennsylvania

Brief Summary

The proposed research will evaluate new approaches to improving the ability of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a breathing disorder during sleep, to use continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), a medical device worn during sleep to treat OSA. 120 patients with newly diagnosed OSA who are being initiated on CPAP treatment will be assigned to one of 3 groups: usual care, usual care with web-based access to daily CPAP adherence, and usual care with web-based access to daily CPAP adherence and a financial incentive to use CPAP at least 4 hours/day in the first week of treatment. Measures of CPAP use, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life will evaluate whether patients provided web-based access to their daily CPAP adherence with and without financial incentive will have greater objectively measured average daily hours of CPAP use and greater improvement in functional outcomes following 3 months of treatment compared to patients receiving usual care.

The results will test the hypothesis that these behavioral interventions will improve patient adherence to CPAP during the critically important first week of treatment when many patients are deciding whether or not to use CPAP and that this initial level of adherence will be maintained over the long term despite withdrawal of the financial incentive.

Detailed Description

This is a nested clinical study in the NIH funded research project RC2AG036592, "Developing Interactive Technology to Improve Research and Health Behavior". The purpose of the research project is to create a web-based infrastructure to accelerate research in behavioral economics to improve health. Failure to adhere to medical treatments is a major cause of poor outcomes that increase health care spending. Changing unhealthful behaviors is difficult. One barrier to behavioral change is the need to provide patients with immediate, timely information about their behavior. Individual clinicians cannot maintain the frequent contact that is required, but technology and automated feedback mechanisms can keep these issues salient for patients. Internet technology is increasingly seen as an appealing tool to overcome this barrier and promote patient self-management. Recent evidence indicates that providing patients with web-based feedback of their health status may improve adherence to treatment and outcomes.

Another barrier to behavioral change is that people need frequent reinforcement of positive behavior and need that reinforcement often at the time they are making decisions (e.g., to smoke, to overeat, to take medication). Recent studies report that the use of financial incentives is an effective strategy to changing health behavior. Incentives in the form of direct payments provide valuable positive reinforcement and have been shown to change health behavior in a variety of contexts, including weight loss, medication adherence, and smoking cessation. One criticism of this approach to changing health behaviors is whether the new behavior is sustained once the financial incentive is withdrawn.

The proposed clinical study will use the web-based infrastructure that is developed by the research project to evaluate the application of these emerging new approaches in behavioral health intervention to improving CPAP adherence and consequent treatment outcomes in patients with OSA. In the proposed research study, 120 patients with newly diagnosed OSA who are being initiated on CPAP therapy will be randomized to one of three arms: 1) usual care, 2) usual care with the ability of the participant to view reports of his/her daily CPAP use on a password protected website, and 3) usual care with the ability of the participant to view reports of his/her daily CPAP use on a password protected website combined with a daily financial incentive in the first week based of hours per day of CPAP use. The proposed health behavior interventions will 1) provide patients greater access to information about their sleep disordered breathing, and 2) allow patients to become active members of their management team. Aim 1 will determine if the proposed health behavior interventions improve average daily hours of CPAP use in the first week and following 3 months of treatment. The overall hypothesis is that these behavioral interventions will improve patient adherence to CPAP during the critically important first week of treatment when many patients are deciding whether or not to use CPAP and that this initial level of adherence will be maintained over the long term despite withdrawal of the financial incentive.

Interventions designed to improve health-related behavior will only be justified if they lead to greater improvements in clinically relevant outcomes. To determine the impact of the proposed health behavior interventions to increase CPAP adherence on treatment outcomes, Aim 2 will compare measures of daytime function following 3 months of CPAP treatment across the three groups. The results of Aim 2 will demonstrate whether improvements in CPAP adherence due to web-based feedback with or without a financial incentive result in greater improvements in clinical outcomes.

Basic Information
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Recruitment & Eligibility
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Study & Design
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Trial Locations

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2011-04-13
• Study First Submitted QC: 2011-04-13
• Study First Posted: 2011-04-14
• Study Start: 2011-09
• Status Verified: 2012-03
• Primary Completion: 2013-08
• Study Completion: 2013-08
• Last Update Submitted: 2014-05-20
• Last Update Posted: 2014-05-22

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 135

Inclusion Criteria

• Adults 18 years of age or older
• Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 10 events/hr on full-night in-laboratory polysomnogram (PSG) based on American Academic of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recommended scoring criteria
• Stable medical history and no change in medications, including anti-hypertensive, thyroid-related, and lipid-lowering medications, in the previous 2 months.
• Access to a telephone and the internet on all days of the week
• No regular use (> 3 times/week) of sedative or hypnotic medications in the last 2 months

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Exclusion Criteria

• Unable or unwilling to provide informed consent
• Are enrolled in other, ongoing clinical trials
• Inability to return for follow-up testing
• Previous diagnosis of another sleep disorder other than obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder [≥ 15 limb movements/hr of sleep with arousal], central sleep apnea [≥ 50% of apneas on diagnostic PSG are central apneas], obesity hypoventilation syndrome, narcolepsy, or night eating syndrome
• Previous treatment with positive airway pressure, home oxygen therapy, tracheotomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, or other non-nasal surgery for OSA
• Requiring oxygen or bilevel positive airway pressure for treatment of OSA
• A clinically unstable medical condition as defined by a new diagnosis or change in medical management in the previous 2 months (e.g., myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, unstable angina, thyroid disease, depression or psychosis, ventricular arrhythmias, cirrhosis, surgery, or recently diagnosed cancer)
• Systolic BP > 180 mm Hg or diastolic BP > 100 mm Hg following 10 minutes at rest
• Night shift workers in situations or occupations where they regularly experience jet lag, or have irregular work schedules by history over the last 3 months
• Unable to perform tests due to inability to communicate verbally, inability to read and write; less than a 5th grade reading level; visual, hearing or cognitive impairment (e.g. previous head injury); or upper extremity motor deficit (e.g., previous stroke that prevents patient from using CPAP treatment)
• Inability to use CPAP due to claustrophobia, facial pathology, etc.

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Web-Access to CPAP Data	Web-based Access to CPAP Data	Usual care and web-based access to CPAP adherence data for 3 months. Participants in this group will be asked to review their CPAP use daily in the first week of treatment and as desired over the next 3 months by accessing a password protected website.
Web-Access to CPAP Data & Incentive	Web-based Access to CPAP Data with Financial Incentive	Usual care and web-based access to CPAP data for 3 months with financial incentives. Participants in this group will be asked to review their CPAP use daily in the first week of treatment and as desired over the next 3 months by accessing a password protected website. Financial incentive terminated after 1 week.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Average daily hours of CPAP.	3 months	Average daily hours of CPAP use determined objectively by the mask-on time recorded by the CPAP machine.
The change in the mean total score on the Functional Outcome of Sleep Questionnaire.	3 months	The change in the mean total score on the Functional Outcome of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10), a validated, disease specific quality of life questionnaire.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
The percentage of days that the CPAP apparatus was used and the average daily hours of CPAP use on days used.	3 months	The percentage of days that the CPAP apparatus was used and the average daily hours of CPAP use on days used.
Total scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form-12 (SF-12).	3 months	Total scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form-12 (SF-12).

Trial Locations

Locations (2)

Lankenau Medical Center; 🇺🇸 Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; 🇺🇸 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States