Closed-Loop Glucagon Administration For Hypoglycemia Treatment

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Type 1 Diabetes

Interventions: Device: Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas

Registration Number: NCT02181127

Lead Sponsor: Massachusetts General Hospital

Brief Summary: This study will test the hypothesis that a wearable automated bionic pancreas system that automatically delivers glucagon only can prevent or treat hypoglycemia vs. usual care for people with type 1 diabetes \> 21 years old.

Detailed Description: Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 31

Inclusion Criteria

Age 21 years or older with type 1 diabetes for at least one year.
Otherwise healthy (mild chronic disease such as asthma, hypertension, and depression will be allowed if well controlled).
Self-reported frequency of documented hypoglycemia (BG < 60 mg/dl) of at least 2 times per week
Partial hypoglycemic unawareness (inconsistent symptoms with BG < 50 mg/dl) or hypoglycemic unawareness (minimal or no symptoms with BG < 50 mg/dl)

Exclusion Criteria

Unable to provide informed consent.
Unable to comply with study procedures.
Current participation in another diabetes-related clinical trial other than one that is primarily observational in nature.
Pregnancy (positive urine HCG), breast feeding, plan to become pregnant in the immediate future, or sexually active without use of contraception
History of cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, or other pancreatic disease other than type 1 diabetes
End stage renal disease on dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis).
Any known liver or biliary disease including cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, any form of viral hepatitis.
Congestive heart failure (established history of CHF, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, or orthopnea).
Acute illness or exacerbation of chronic illness at the time of the study.
Seizure disorder or history of hypoglycemic seizure in the last 1 year
History of pheochromocytoma. Fractionated metanephrines will be tested in patients with history increasing the risk for a catecholamine secreting tumor:
Untreated or inadequately treated mental illness (indicators would include symptoms such as psychosis, hallucinations, mania, and any psychiatric hospitalization in the last year).
Current alcohol abuse (intake averaging > 3 drinks daily in last 30 days) or substance abuse (any use within the last 6 months of controlled substances without a prescription).
Electrically powered implants (e.g. cochlear implants, neurostimulators) that might be susceptible to RF interference.
History of adverse reaction to glucagon (including allergy) besides nausea and vomiting.
Unwilling or unable to completely avoid acetaminophen during the study period.
Any factors that, in the opinion of the principal investigator, would interfere with the safe completion of the study procedures.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: CROSSOVER

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas (placebo)	Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas	Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas will deliver placebo during 7 of the 14 days. The order of the placebo days will be randomized in blocks of 2, with no more than 2 days in a row of placebo.
Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas (active)	Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas	Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas will deliver glucagon during 7 of the 14 days. The order of the glucagon days will be randomized in blocks of 2, with no more than 2 days in a row of glucagon.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Glucose Total Area Over the Curve and Less Than 60 mg/dl	From t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Percentage of Time CGM Glucose Less Than 70 mg/dl Overnight and During Daytime	2 weeks
Number of Hypoglycemic Episodes With CGMG < 50 mg/dl	From t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Number of Hypoglycemic Episodes With CGMG < 60 mg/dl	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Mean CGMG During Exercise	2 weeks	Times of exercise were not collected during the study, and therefore this outcome cannot be calculated.
Mean Absolute Relative Deviation (MARD) Between Capillary Blood Glucose and CGM Glucose Values	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks	Paired values between the blood glucose measurements and CGM glucose measurements were compared, and the percent difference was recorded. The mean of the absolute value of all the differences is reported here, and reflects the accuracy of the CGM glucose measurements relative to the capillary blood glucose measurements.
Fraction of Time Spent Within Each of the Following Glucose Ranges as Determined From All CGMG Measurements: < 70 mg/dl,70-120 mg/dl,70-180 mg/dl, >180 mg/dl, >250 mg/dl	from t=0 to stud stop after 2 weeks
Mean Absolute Relative Deviation (MARD) vs. Subset of BG Measurements Before Meals and at Bedtime	2 weeks	Blood sugar measurements were not specified as before meals and before bed during the study, so we are unable to calculate and report this outcome.
Average BG as Determined From the Measurements Taken Before Meals and Before Bedtime	2 weeks	Blood sugar measurements were not specified as before meals and before bed during the study, so we are unable to calculate and report this outcome.
Percentage of the BG Values Taken Before Meals and Before Bedimte Less Than 70 mg/dl	2 weeks	Blood sugar measurements were not specified as before meals and before bed during the study, so we are unable to calculate and report this outcome.
Number of Study Days With Mean BG < 154 mg/dl	2 weeks
Number of Carbohydrate Interventions for Hypoglycemia	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Total Number of Grams of Carbohydrate Taken for Hypoglycemia	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Number of Hypoglycemic Episodes With CGMG < 70 mg/dl	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Count of Subjects With Mean CGMG < 154mg/dl	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Number of Hypoglycemic Events (< 60 mg/dl) as Determined From BG Measurements	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Number of All BG Values Less Than 70 mg/dl	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Insulin Total Daily Dose	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Mean BG During Exercise	2 weeks	Times of exercise were not collected during the study, and therefore this outcome cannot be calculated.
Fraction Measurements Within Each of the Following Glucose Ranges as Determined From HemoCue Measurements Taken Before Meals and Before Bed: < 70 mg/dl,70-120 mg/dl,70-180 mg/dl,>180 mg/dl,>250 mg/dl	2 weeks	Blood sugar measurements were not specified as before meals and before bed during the study, so we are unable to calculate and report this outcome.
Total Number of Grams of Carbohydrate Taken for Hypoglycemia During the Daytime (7:00 AM - 11:00 PM)	2 weeks	Timing of carbohydrate consumption for treatment of hypoglycemia was not collected during the study, so this outcome cannot be calculated
Total Number of Grams of Carbohydrate Taken for Hypoglycemia Overnight (11:00 PM - 7:00 AM)	2 weeks	Timing of carbohydrate consumption for treatment of hypoglycemia was not collected during the study, so this outcome cannot be calculated
• Fraction of BG Values < 70 During Exercise Fraction of BG Values < 70 During Exercise	2 weeks	Times of exercise were not collected during the study, and therefore this outcome cannot be calculated.
• Number of Carbohydrate Interventions for Hypoglycemia During the Daytime (7:00 AM - 11:00 PM)	2 weeks	Timing of carbohydrate consumption for treatment of hypoglycemia was not collected during the study, so this outcome cannot be calculated
Total Glucagon Dosing (mcg/kg/24 Hours)	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
Number of Carbohydrate Interventions for Hypoglycemia Overnight (11:00 PM - 7:00 AM)	2 weeks	Timing of carbohydrate consumption for treatment of hypoglycemia was not collected during the study, so this outcome cannot be calculated
Episodes of Nausea Per Day on Glucagon vs Placebo	from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks