Self Awakening and Snoozing Effects on the Cortisol Awakening Response

Not Applicable

• Conditions: Cortisol Awakening Response
• Interventions: Behavioral: Self Awakening - Natural Waking; Behavioral: Snooze - Natural waking

• Registration Number: NCT04129593
• Lead Sponsor: University of Notre Dame

Brief Summary

One third of American adults and teens are sleep deprived, and less than 8% of highschool students achieve recommended amounts of sleep. 85% of Americans consume caffeine daily, and a pilot study we conducted suggests over half of working professionals snooze. Sleep deprivation results in sleep inertia (grogginess) upon waking, and many behaviors are employed to reduce the negative effects of sleep inertia, including self-awakening (SA - going to bed intending to wake at a specific time) and snoozing (setting multiple alarms or using a snooze function). SA reduces sleep inertia and may increase stress system activity before waking, but snoozing is virtually unstudied, though alarms can also increase stress system activity. The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a boost in the stress hormone, cortisol, that occurs naturally upon waking. The CAR is thought to reduce sleep inertia and to prepare for the anticipated stressors of the day, and this physiological process can be blunted in those who are sleep deprived and/or have medical or psychiatric conditions. This proposal seeks to increase the CAR in healthy individuals through SA and snooze interventions. Participants receive a commercial wearable at the beginning of the week that tracks sleep and heart rate, as well as a study phone that monitors the sleep environment, tracks alarms, and administers cognitive tests after waking to determine sleep inertia. These devices allow a development of baseline waking behavior. On Saturday and Sunday mornings undergo additional including a higher quality heart rate monitor and body temperature sensor. Participants also undergo 2 of 3 conditions; SA, snoozing, and natural waking. In the SA condition, participants intend to wake up 7 hours after they go to bed. In the snooze condition, participants set multiple alarms to terminate 7 hours after bedtime. In the natural waking condition, participants wake up normally. Upon waking, participants provide multiple saliva samples and undergo cognitive performance assessments and answer questions about mood for 1 hour. By comparing the cortisol samples between conditions, we can determine if SA and/or snoozing increases the CAR relative to natural waking. The cognitive performance tests will also be tested between conditions to determine if the interventions reduce sleep inertia and/or increase stress system activity. Interventions that specifically increase the CAR and reduce sleep inertia in healthy individuals could then be tested for those who have blunted CAR, e.g. chronic pain sufferers, to improve quality of life.

Detailed Description

Not available

Study Timeline

• Status Verified: 2019-10
• Study First Submitted: 2019-10-15
• Study First Submitted QC: 2019-10-15
• Last Update Submitted: 2019-10-16
• Study First Posted: 2019-10-17
• Last Update Posted: 2019-10-18
• Study Start: 2021-01-01
• Primary Completion: 2022-01-01
• Study Completion: 2023-01-01

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: UNKNOWN
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 100

Inclusion Criteria

Legally able to provide consent -

Exclusion Criteria

Not legally able to provide consent

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: CROSSOVER

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Self Awakening	Self Awakening - Natural Waking	Participant will intend to wake up at a specific time before going to bed.
Snooze	Snooze - Natural waking	Participant will set multiple alarms before bed to wake at a specific time.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Cortisol Awakening Response	4 samples: immediately upon waking, 15 minutes post waking, 30 minutes post waking, and 45 minutes post waking. Samples are provided for 10 minutes.	A biomarker for Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal activity; a naturally occurring increase in cortisol upon waking.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Heart Rate upon waking	Heart rate will be continuously assessed for the entire week. Note: data is divided into 1 minute bin averages.	Stress activity before waking can increase heart rate. We want to see if alarms and / or snoozing increase heart rate upon waking
Sleep inertia - cognitive throughput	During weekdays, sleep inertia will be assessed immediately upon waking, duration is 5 minutes. On Saturday and Sunday, they will be assessed at wake + 10 minutes, wake +25 minutes, wake + 40 minutes, and wake + 55minutes.	sleep inertia is a marked decrease in cognitive abilities upon waking. We wish to see if cognitive performance upon waking is better when snoozing or self awakening.